Numeri 28:19 (Numbers 28:19)

Posted on May 25, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Nm 28:19 Offeretisque incensum holocaustum Domino, vitulos de armento duos, arietem unum, agnos anniculos immaculatos septem:

And you shall offer a burnt offering by fire to the LORD: two bulls from the herd, one ram, and seven yearling lambs without blemish;

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Offeretisque and-you-shall-offer 2PL.FUT.ACT.IND
2 incensum by-fire ACC.SG.N
3 holocaustum burnt-offering ACC.SG.N
4 Domino to-the-LORD DAT.SG.M
5 vitulos bulls ACC.PL.M
6 de from PREP+ABL
7 armento herd ABL.SG.N
8 duos two ACC.PL.M
9 arietem ram ACC.SG.M
10 unum one ACC.SG.M
11 agnos lambs ACC.PL.M
12 anniculos yearling ACC.PL.M
13 immaculatos without-blemish ACC.PL.M
14 septem seven INDECL

Syntax

Main Clause: Offeretisque (verb) + incensum holocaustum (direct object) + Domino (dative recipient).

Sacrificial Specification: vitulos de armento duos, arietem unum, agnos anniculos immaculatos septem — accusative nouns in apposition specifying the animals required for the burnt offering.

Prepositional Phrase: de armento — identifies the source of the bulls, namely from the herd.

Morphology

  1. Offeretisque — Lemma: offero; Part of Speech: Verb; Form: Future active indicative, 2nd person plural with enclitic conjunction -que; Function: Main verb; Translation: “and you shall offer”; Notes: Continues the sacrificial instructions addressed to the community.
  2. incensum — Lemma: incensum; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Accusative singular neuter, 2nd Declension; Function: Modifies the nature of the offering; Translation: “by fire”; Notes: Refers to an offering consumed in the fire.
  3. holocaustum — Lemma: holocaustum; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Accusative singular neuter, 2nd Declension; Function: Direct object; Translation: “burnt offering”; Notes: A sacrifice wholly consumed upon the altar.
  4. Domino — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Dative singular masculine, 2nd Declension; Function: Dative recipient; Translation: “to the LORD”; Notes: Refers to YHWH as the recipient of the sacrifice.
  5. vitulos — Lemma: vitulus; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Accusative plural masculine, 2nd Declension; Function: Appositional specification of the offering; Translation: “bulls”; Notes: The first class of sacrificial animals listed.
  6. de — Lemma: de; Part of Speech: Preposition; Form: Governing the ablative; Function: Indicates source; Translation: “from”; Notes: Specifies the origin of the bulls.
  7. armento — Lemma: armentum; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Ablative singular neuter, 2nd Declension; Function: Object of de; Translation: “the herd”; Notes: Refers to large domesticated cattle.
  8. duos — Lemma: duo; Part of Speech: Numeral; Form: Accusative plural masculine; Function: Modifies vitulos; Translation: “two”; Notes: Gives the required number of bulls.
  9. arietem — Lemma: aries; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Accusative singular masculine, 3rd Declension; Function: Appositional specification; Translation: “ram”; Notes: The second sacrificial animal required.
  10. unum — Lemma: unus; Part of Speech: Numeral Adjective; Form: Accusative singular masculine; Function: Modifies arietem; Translation: “one”; Notes: Specifies the number of rams.
  11. agnos — Lemma: agnus; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Accusative plural masculine, 2nd Declension; Function: Appositional specification; Translation: “lambs”; Notes: The final class of sacrificial animals listed.
  12. anniculos — Lemma: anniculus; Part of Speech: Adjective; Form: Accusative plural masculine; Function: Modifies agnos; Translation: “yearling”; Notes: Indicates lambs one year old.
  13. immaculatos — Lemma: immaculatus; Part of Speech: Adjective; Form: Accusative plural masculine; Function: Modifies agnos; Translation: “without blemish”; Notes: Describes their ritual suitability.
  14. septem — Lemma: septem; Part of Speech: Numeral; Form: Indeclinable cardinal numeral; Function: Modifies agnos; Translation: “seven”; Notes: Gives the required number of lambs.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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