Exodus 22:3

Posted on March 13, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 22:3 Quod si orto sole hoc fecerit, homicidium perpetravit, et ipse morietur. Si non habuerit quod pro furto reddat, ipse venundabitur.

But if he has done this when the sun has risen, he has committed homicide, and he himself shall die. If he does not have what he may repay for the theft, he himself shall be sold.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Quod but if CONJ/PRON.NOM/ACC.SG.N.REL
2 si if CONJ
3 orto having risen PTCP.PERF.PASS.ABL.SG.M
4 sole sun NOUN.ABL.SG.M.3RD DECL
5 hoc this PRON.ACC.SG.N.DEM
6 fecerit has done 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND.3RD CONJ
7 homicidium homicide NOUN.ACC.SG.N.2ND DECL
8 perpetravit has committed 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND.1ST CONJ
9 et and CONJ
10 ipse he himself PRON.NOM.SG.M.DEM/INTENS
11 morietur shall die 3SG.FUT.DEP.IND.3RD CONJ
12 Si if CONJ
13 non not ADV.INDECL
14 habuerit has 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND.3RD CONJ
15 quod what PRON.ACC.SG.N.REL
16 pro for PREP+ABL
17 furto the theft NOUN.ABL.SG.N.2ND DECL
18 reddat he may repay 3SG.PRES.ACT.SUBJ.3RD CONJ
19 ipse he himself PRON.NOM.SG.M.DEM/INTENS
20 venundabitur he shall be sold 3SG.FUT.PASS.IND.1ST CONJ

Syntax

Conditional Expansion: Quod si orto sole hoc fecerit — ablative absolute orto sole indicates temporal circumstance; hoc as object; verb = fecerit.
Main Judgment 1: homicidium perpetravit — declarative judgment of murder.
Main Judgment 2: et ipse morietur — subject = ipse; verb = morietur.
Conditional of Restitution: Si non habuerit quod pro furto reddat — lacking means of repayment.
Final Outcome: ipse venundabitur — passive future, legal status change (“he shall be sold”).

Morphology

  1. Quod — Lemma: quod; Part of Speech: conjunction/pronoun; Form: nominative/accusative singular neuter; Function: strengthens conditional (“but if”); Translation: “but if”; Notes: Very common in Latin case-law syntax.
  2. si — Lemma: si; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces protasis; Translation: “if”; Notes: Standard conditional marker.
  3. orto — Lemma: orior; Part of Speech: participle; Form: ablative singular masculine perfect passive participle; Function: part of ablative absolute; Translation: “having risen”; Notes: Refers to the sun rising.
  4. sole — Lemma: sol; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular masculine, 3rd declension; Function: complement in ablative absolute; Translation: “sun”; Notes: Establishes daylight condition.
  5. hoc — Lemma: hic; Part of Speech: demonstrative pronoun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object of fecerit; Translation: “this”; Notes: Refers to killing the intruder.
  6. fecerit — Lemma: facio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future perfect active indicative; Function: main verb of protasis; Translation: “has done”; Notes: Future perfect marks completed act before judgment.
  7. homicidium — Lemma: homicidium; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of perpetravit; Translation: “homicide”; Notes: Legal charge.
  8. perpetravit — Lemma: perpetro; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular perfect active indicative; Function: declarative judgment; Translation: “has committed”; Notes: Perfect denotes completed criminal act.
  9. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: joins subsequent judgment; Translation: “and”; Notes: Simple connective.
  10. ipse — Lemma: ipse; Part of Speech: intensive pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: emphatic subject; Translation: “he himself”; Notes: Emphasizes personal responsibility.
  11. morietur — Lemma: morior; Part of Speech: deponent verb; Form: 3rd singular future indicative; Function: main verb of apodosis; Translation: “shall die”; Notes: Legal death penalty.
  12. Si — Lemma: si; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces second condition; Translation: “if”; Notes: New conditional in same verse.
  13. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: negates habuerit; Translation: “not”; Notes: Expresses lack of means.
  14. habuerit — Lemma: habeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future perfect active indicative; Function: main verb of protasis; Translation: “has”; Notes: Future perfect specifying condition.
  15. quod — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object referring to compensation means; Translation: “what”; Notes: Introduces relative clause.
  16. pro — Lemma: pro; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: exchange marker; Translation: “for”; Notes: Indicates repayment value.
  17. furto — Lemma: furtum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular neuter, 2nd declension; Function: object of pro; Translation: “the theft”; Notes: Crime requiring repayment.
  18. reddat — Lemma: reddo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular present active subjunctive; Function: verb of relative clause; Translation: “he may repay”; Notes: Subjunctive expresses potential obligation.
  19. ipse — Lemma: ipse; Part of Speech: intensive pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of venundabitur; Translation: “he himself”; Notes: Legal emphasis.
  20. venundabitur — Lemma: venundo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future passive indicative; Function: verb of apodosis; Translation: “he shall be sold”; Notes: Debt-slavery for restitution.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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