Leviticus 24:19

Posted on April 24, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

19 Qui irrogaverit maculam cuilibet civium suorum: sicut fecit, sic fiet ei:

Whoever inflicts a blemish upon any of his fellow citizens, just as he has done, so shall it be done to him;

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Qui whoever NOM.SG.M REL
2 irrogaverit has inflicted 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND
3 maculam a blemish ACC.SG.F
4 cuilibet upon any DAT.SG.C INDEF
5 civium of citizens GEN.PL.M
6 suorum his own GEN.PL.M POSS
7 sicut just as ADV
8 fecit he has done 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
9 sic so ADV
10 fiet it shall be done 3SG.FUT.PASS.IND
11 ei to him DAT.SG.M PRON

Syntax

Legal Subject: Qui — relative pronoun introducing a general statute.

Offense Clause: irrogaverit maculam cuilibet civium suorum — future perfect defining the completed injurious act against a fellow citizen.

Principle of Reciprocity: sicut fecit, sic fiet ei — correlative adverbs expressing strict equivalence between act and consequence.

Morphology

  1. Qui — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative masculine singular; Function: universal legal subject; Translation: whoever; Notes: establishes an inclusive legal rule.
  2. irrogaverit — Lemma: irrogo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular future perfect indicative active; Function: verb of the offense clause; Translation: has inflicted; Notes: legal verb for imposing harm or penalty.
  3. maculam — Lemma: macula; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine singular, first declension; Function: direct object of irrogaverit; Translation: a blemish; Notes: denotes physical injury or disfigurement.
  4. cuilibet — Lemma: quilibet; Part of Speech: indefinite pronoun; Form: dative singular common; Function: indirect object; Translation: upon any; Notes: emphasizes that no individual is exempt.
  5. civium — Lemma: civis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive plural common; Function: modifies cuilibet; Translation: of citizens; Notes: refers to members of the same community.
  6. suorum — Lemma: suus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: genitive masculine plural; Function: modifies civium; Translation: his own; Notes: reflexive, tying the offense to one’s own group.
  7. sicut — Lemma: sicut; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces the comparison; Translation: just as; Notes: sets up the measure-for-measure formula.
  8. fecit — Lemma: facio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular perfect indicative active; Function: verb of the comparative clause; Translation: he has done; Notes: refers back to the injurious act.
  9. sic — Lemma: sic; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: correlates with sicut; Translation: so; Notes: marks exact correspondence.
  10. fiet — Lemma: fio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular future indicative passive; Function: expresses the resulting action upon the offender; Translation: it shall be done; Notes: passive voice emphasizes retributive outcome.
  11. ei — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: dative masculine singular; Function: indirect object of fiet; Translation: to him; Notes: refers back to the offender.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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