Leviticus 24:23

Posted on April 24, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 24:23 Locutusque est Moyses ad filios Israel: et eduxerunt eum, qui blasphemaverat, extra castra, ac lapidibus oppresserunt. Feceruntque filii Israel sicut præceperat Dominus Moysi.

And Moyses spoke to the sons of Israel; and they led out the one who had blasphemed, outside the camp, and crushed him with stones. And the sons of Israel did just as the LORD had commanded Moyses.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Locutusque and having spoken PTCP.PERF.DEP.NOM.SG.M
2 est is 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
3 Moyses Moses NOM.SG.M
4 ad to PREP+ACC
5 filios sons ACC.PL.M
6 Israel Israel INDECL
7 et and CONJ
8 eduxerunt they led out 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
9 eum him ACC.SG.M PRON
10 qui who NOM.SG.M REL
11 blasphemaverat had blasphemed 3SG.PLUP.ACT.IND
12 extra outside PREP+ACC
13 castra the camp ACC.PL.N
14 ac and CONJ
15 lapidibus with stones ABL.PL.M
16 oppresserunt they crushed 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
17 Feceruntque and they did 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
18 filii sons NOM.PL.M
19 Israel Israel INDECL
20 sicut just as ADV
21 præceperat had commanded 3SG.PLUP.ACT.IND
22 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
23 Moysi to Moses DAT.SG.M

Syntax

Introductory Action: Locutusque est Moyses ad filios Israel — perfect deponent construction introducing authoritative communication.

Collective Execution: eduxerunt eum … ac lapidibus oppresserunt — coordinated perfect verbs describing the carrying out of judgment.

Relative Identification: qui blasphemaverat — pluperfect relative clause identifying the offender by prior act.

Compliance Formula: Feceruntque filii Israel sicut præceperat Dominus Moysi — conformity clause grounding the action in divine command.

Morphology

  1. Locutusque — Lemma: loquor; Part of Speech: participle (deponent); Form: perfect nominative masculine singular; Function: circumstantial participle with est; Translation: having spoken; Notes: deponent participle forming a perfect periphrasis.
  2. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present indicative active; Function: auxiliary of the periphrastic perfect; Translation: is; Notes: completes the deponent construction.
  3. Moyses — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: nominative masculine singular; Function: subject; Translation: Moses; Notes: leader and mediator.
  4. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing the accusative; Function: marks the audience; Translation: to; Notes: common with verbs of speaking.
  5. filios — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine plural; Function: object of ad; Translation: sons; Notes: collective designation.
  6. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: indeclinable; Function: apposition; Translation: Israel; Notes: covenant community.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links clauses; Translation: and; Notes: narrative progression.
  8. eduxerunt — Lemma: educo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural perfect indicative active; Function: main narrative action; Translation: they led out; Notes: removal from the community.
  9. eum — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: direct object; Translation: him; Notes: refers to the offender.
  10. qui — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative masculine singular; Function: introduces identifying clause; Translation: who; Notes: specifies the condemned man.
  11. blasphemaverat — Lemma: blasphemo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular pluperfect indicative active; Function: verb of the relative clause; Translation: had blasphemed; Notes: action prior to execution.
  12. extra — Lemma: extra; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing the accusative; Function: marks location outside; Translation: outside; Notes: exclusion from sacred space.
  13. castra — Lemma: castra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative neuter plural; Function: object of extra; Translation: the camp; Notes: communal dwelling.
  14. ac — Lemma: ac; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links actions; Translation: and; Notes: emphatic continuation.
  15. lapidibus — Lemma: lapis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative masculine plural; Function: ablative of means; Translation: with stones; Notes: method of execution.
  16. oppresserunt — Lemma: opprimo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural perfect indicative active; Function: concluding action; Translation: they crushed; Notes: forceful completion.
  17. Feceruntque — Lemma: facio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural perfect indicative active; Function: summary action; Translation: and they did; Notes: obedience statement.
  18. filii — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative masculine plural; Function: subject; Translation: sons; Notes: collective agents.
  19. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: indeclinable; Function: apposition; Translation: Israel; Notes: covenant people.
  20. sicut — Lemma: sicut; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: comparison; Translation: just as; Notes: conformity marker.
  21. præceperat — Lemma: præcipio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular pluperfect indicative active; Function: verb of prior command; Translation: had commanded; Notes: authoritative directive.
  22. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative masculine singular; Function: subject of præceperat; Translation: LORD; Notes: divine name rendered in all caps.
  23. Moysi — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: dative masculine singular; Function: indirect object; Translation: to Moses; Notes: recipient of the command.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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