Exodus 11:10

Posted on March 2, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 11:10 Moyses autem et Aaron fecerunt omnia ostenta quæ scripta sunt, coram Pharaone. Et induravit Dominus cor Pharaonis, nec dimisit filios Israel de terra sua.

But Moses and Aaron did all the marvels that were written, before Pharao. And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharao, and he did not release the sons of Israel from his land.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Moyses Moses NOM.SG.M
2 autem however ADV
3 et and CONJ
4 Aaron Aaron NOM.SG.M
5 fecerunt they did 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
6 omnia all things ACC.PL.N
7 ostenta marvels ACC.PL.N
8 quæ which NOM.PL.N.REL
9 scripta written NOM.PL.N.PERF.PTCP.PASS
10 sunt are 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
11 coram before PREP+ABL
12 Pharaone Pharaoh ABL.SG.M
13 Et and CONJ
14 induravit hardened 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
15 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
16 cor heart ACC.SG.N
17 Pharaonis of Pharaoh GEN.SG.M
18 nec nor ADV.NEG
19 dimisit he released 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
20 filios sons ACC.PL.M
21 Israel Israel GEN.SG.M
22 de from PREP+ABL
23 terra land ABL.SG.F
24 sua his ABL.SG.F

Syntax

First Main Clause:
• Subject: Moyses … et Aaron
• Verb: fecerunt
• Object: omnia ostenta
• Relative Clause: quæ scripta sunt — modifies ostenta
• Prepositional Phrase: coram Pharaone

Second Main Clause:
• Subject: Dominus
• Verb: induravit
• Object: cor Pharaonis

Third Clause:
• Verb: dimisit (negated by nec)
• Object: filios Israel
• Source Phrase: de terra sua

Morphology

  1. Moyses — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: first subject; Translation: “Moses”; Notes: paired with Aaron.
  2. autem — Lemma: autem; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: adversative; Function: mild contrast; Translation: “however”; Notes: links to previous narrative.
  3. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links subjects; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple connector.
  4. Aaron — Lemma: Aaron; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject with Moyses; Translation: “Aaron”; Notes: priestly figure.
  5. fecerunt — Lemma: facio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “they did”; Notes: completed action.
  6. omnia — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: modifies ostenta; Translation: “all things”; Notes: totality.
  7. ostenta — Lemma: ostentum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “marvels”; Notes: refers to miracles.
  8. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: subject of scripta sunt; Translation: “which”; Notes: introduces relative clause.
  9. scripta — Lemma: scribo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative plural neuter perfect passive participle; Function: predicate with sunt; Translation: “written”; Notes: refers to recorded signs.
  10. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present indicative 3rd plural; Function: auxiliary; Translation: “are”; Notes: forms passive periphrastic.
  11. coram — Lemma: coram; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: locative; Translation: “before”; Notes: expresses presence.
  12. Pharaone — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular masculine; Function: object of coram; Translation: “Pharaoh”; Notes: royal witness.
  13. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: begins new clause; Translation: “and”; Notes: narrative connector.
  14. induravit — Lemma: induro; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “hardened”; Notes: divine action.
  15. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  16. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “heart”; Notes: emotional/spiritual seat.
  17. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: possessive modifier; Translation: “of Pharaoh”; Notes: specifies whose heart.
  18. nec — Lemma: nec; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: negative; Function: negates following verb; Translation: “nor”; Notes: contrastive extension.
  19. dimisit — Lemma: dimitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “released”; Notes: negated by nec.
  20. filios — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: object; Translation: “sons”; Notes: refers to Israelites.
  21. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: modifies filios; Translation: “of Israel”; Notes: ethnic designation.
  22. de — Lemma: de; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: expresses origin; Translation: “from”; Notes: removal/separation.
  23. terra — Lemma: terra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: object of de; Translation: “land”; Notes: Pharaoh’s territory.
  24. sua — Lemma: suus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: modifies terra; Translation: “his”; Notes: referring to Pharaoh’s land.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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