Exodus 22:7

Posted on March 13, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

7 Si quis commendaverit amico pecuniam, aut vas in custodiam, et ab eo, qui susceperat, furto ablata fuerint: si invenitur fur, duplum reddet:

If anyone has entrusted to a friend money or a vessel for safekeeping, and from him who had received it they have been taken by theft: if the thief is found, he shall repay double.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Si if CONJ
2 quis anyone PRON.NOM.SG.M/F.INDEF
3 commendaverit has entrusted 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND.1ST CONJ
4 amico to a friend NOUN.DAT.SG.M.2ND DECL
5 pecuniam money NOUN.ACC.SG.F.1ST DECL
6 aut or CONJ
7 vas vessel NOUN.ACC.SG.N.3RD DECL
8 in in PREP+ACC
9 custodiam custody NOUN.ACC.SG.F.1ST DECL
10 et and CONJ
11 ab from PREP+ABL
12 eo him PRON.ABL.SG.M.PERS
13 qui who REL.NOM.SG.M
14 susceperat had received 3SG.PLUP.ACT.IND.3RD CONJ
15 furto by theft NOUN.ABL.SG.N.2ND DECL
16 ablata taken away PTCP.PERF.PASS.NOM/ACC.PL.N
17 fuerint have been 3PL.FUTP.ACT.IND
18 si if CONJ
19 invenitur is found 3SG.PRES.PASS.IND.3RD CONJ
20 fur thief NOUN.NOM.SG.M.3RD DECL
21 duplum double ADJ.ACC.SG.N.POS
22 reddet he shall repay 3SG.FUT.ACT.IND.3RD CONJ

Syntax

Conditional Protasis 1: Si quis commendaverit amico pecuniam aut vas in custodiam —
• subject: quis,
• verb: commendaverit,
• indirect object: amico,
• direct objects: pecuniam / vas,
• prepositional phrase: in custodiam (purpose).

Subordinate Clause: et ab eo, qui susceperat, furto ablata fuerint —
• ablative of agent: ab eo,
• relative clause: qui susceperat,
• passive periphrastic: ablata fuerint.

Conditional Protasis 2: si invenitur fur — thief is found.

Main Apodosis: duplum reddet — penalty clause: double restitution.

Morphology

  1. Si — Lemma: si; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces condition; Translation: “if”; Notes: Opens legal protasis.
  2. quis — Lemma: quis; Part of Speech: indefinite pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine/feminine; Function: subject; Translation: “anyone”; Notes: General legal subject.
  3. commendaverit — Lemma: commendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular future perfect active indicative; Function: main verb of first protasis; Translation: “has entrusted”; Notes: Future perfect common in conditional law clauses.
  4. amico — Lemma: amicus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “to a friend”; Notes: Recipient of entrusted goods.
  5. pecuniam — Lemma: pecunia; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: direct object; Translation: “money”; Notes: First entrusted item.
  6. aut — Lemma: aut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: gives alternative; Translation: “or”; Notes: Marks second possible item.
  7. vas — Lemma: vas; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “vessel”; Notes: Broad category—container or object.
  8. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: indicates purpose/direction; Translation: “into / for”; Notes: Legal phrase “in custodiam” = “for safekeeping.”
  9. custodiam — Lemma: custodia; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of in; Translation: “custody”; Notes: Protective holding.
  10. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: joins second condition; Translation: “and”; Notes: Connects concurrent circumstance.
  11. ab — Lemma: ab; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: agent marker; Translation: “from”; Notes: Specifies possessor of goods.
  12. eo — Lemma: is, ea, id; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: ablative singular masculine; Function: object of ab; Translation: “him”; Notes: The custodian.
  13. qui — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of relative clause; Translation: “who”; Notes: Refers to the custodian.
  14. susceperat — Lemma: suscipio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular pluperfect active indicative; Function: verb of relative clause; Translation: “had received”; Notes: Completed action prior to theft.
  15. furto — Lemma: furtum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular neuter; Function: ablative of means; Translation: “by theft”; Notes: Indicates manner of loss.
  16. ablata — Lemma: aufero; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative/accusative plural neuter perfect passive participle; Function: predicate in passive phrase; Translation: “taken away”; Notes: Refers to entrusted items.
  17. fuerint — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd plural future perfect active indicative; Function: auxiliary in perfect passive; Translation: “have been”; Notes: Legal future perfect sets temporal sequence.
  18. si — Lemma: si; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces second protasis; Translation: “if”; Notes: New legal condition.
  19. invenitur — Lemma: invenio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular present passive indicative; Function: verb of protasis; Translation: “is found”; Notes: Present passive expresses ongoing legal state.
  20. fur — Lemma: fur; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “thief”; Notes: Identified criminal.
  21. duplum — Lemma: duplus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of reddet; Translation: “double”; Notes: Mandated penalty.
  22. reddet — Lemma: reddo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future active indicative; Function: main verb of apodosis; Translation: “he shall repay”; Notes: Legal consequence if thief is found.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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