Exodus 15:19

Posted on March 6, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 15:19 Ingressus est enim eques Pharao cum curribus et equitibus eius in mare: et reduxit super eos Dominus aquas maris: filii autem Israel ambulaverunt per siccum in medio eius.

For Pharao’s horseman went in with his chariots and his horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought back upon them the waters of the sea, but the sons of Israel walked on dry ground in the midst of it.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Ingressus having entered PPP.NOM.SG.M
2 est was 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
3 enim for ADV
4 eques horseman NOUN.NOM.SG.M
5 Pharao Pharaoh NOUN.GEN.SG.M
6 cum with PREP+ABL
7 curribus chariots NOUN.ABL.PL.M
8 et and CONJ
9 equitibus horsemen NOUN.ABL.PL.M
10 eius his PRON.GEN.SG
11 in into PREP+ACC
12 mare the sea NOUN.ACC.SG.N
13 et and CONJ
14 reduxit brought back 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
15 super upon PREP+ACC
16 eos them PRON.ACC.PL.M
17 Dominus the LORD NOUN.NOM.SG.M
18 aquas waters NOUN.ACC.PL.F
19 maris of the sea NOUN.GEN.SG.N
20 filii sons NOUN.NOM.PL.M
21 autem however ADV
22 Israel Israel NOUN.GEN.SG.M
23 ambulaverunt walked 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
24 per through PREP+ACC
25 siccum dry ground ADJ.ACC.SG.N
26 in in PREP+ABL
27 medio midst NOUN.ABL.SG.N
28 eius of it PRON.GEN.SG

Syntax

Clause 1: Ingressus est enim eques Pharao — perfect periphrastic passive; subject “eques Pharao.”
Prepositional phrase: cum curribus et equitibus eius — ablative of accompaniment.
Locative action: in mare — motion into the sea.

Clause 2: et reduxit super eos Dominus aquas maris — “Dominus” as nominative subject; DO = “aquas maris.”

Clause 3: filii autem Israel ambulaverunt per siccum in medio eius — contrastive autem; subject + perfect verb + two prepositional phrases.

Morphology

  1. Ingressus — Lemma: ingredior; Part of Speech: participle; Form: perfect passive participle nominative singular masculine; Function: with est to form perfect; Translation: “having entered”; Notes: deponent verb.
  2. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative third singular; Function: auxiliary; Translation: “was”; Notes: completes periphrasis.
  3. enim — Lemma: enim; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: causal connector; Translation: “for”; Notes: explains prior statements.
  4. eques — Lemma: eques; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “horseman”; Notes: refers to elite cavalry.
  5. Pharao — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive of possession; Translation: “of Pharaoh”; Notes: identifies whose horseman.
  6. cum — Lemma: cum; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: accompaniment; Translation: “with”; Notes: standard ablative use.
  7. curribus — Lemma: currus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural masculine; Function: object of cum; Translation: “chariots”; Notes: military transport.
  8. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: joins nouns; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple connector.
  9. equitibus — Lemma: eques; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural masculine; Function: object of cum; Translation: “horsemen”; Notes: cavalry troops.
  10. eius — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: genitive singular; Function: modifies curribus et equitibus; Translation: “his”; Notes: refers to Pharaoh.
  11. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: motion toward; Translation: “into”; Notes: spatial movement.
  12. mare — Lemma: mare; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of in; Translation: “sea”; Notes: the Red Sea crossing.
  13. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links clauses; Translation: “and”; Notes: additive force.
  14. reduxit — Lemma: reduco; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “brought back”; Notes: indicates reversal of waters.
  15. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses movement onto; Translation: “upon”; Notes: emphasizes overwhelming force.
  16. eos — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: object of super; Translation: “them”; Notes: refers to Egyptians.
  17. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “the LORD”; Notes: agent of deliverance.
  18. aquas — Lemma: aqua; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural feminine; Function: direct object; Translation: “waters”; Notes: of the sea.
  19. maris — Lemma: mare; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular neuter; Function: modifies aquas; Translation: “of the sea”; Notes: specifies type.
  20. filii — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “sons”; Notes: refers to Israel.
  21. autem — Lemma: autem; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: contrast marker; Translation: “however”; Notes: distinguishes Israelite safety.
  22. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive modifier; Translation: “of Israel”; Notes: ethnic designation.
  23. ambulaverunt — Lemma: ambulo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “walked”; Notes: emphasizes miracle.
  24. per — Lemma: per; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses passage; Translation: “through”; Notes: direction marker.
  25. siccum — Lemma: siccus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of per; Translation: “dry ground”; Notes: contrasts with sea.
  26. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: locative; Translation: “in”; Notes: spatial reference.
  27. medio — Lemma: medium; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular neuter; Function: object of in; Translation: “midst”; Notes: indicating central path.
  28. eius — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: genitive singular; Function: modifies medio; Translation: “of it”; Notes: refers to the seabed.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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