Genesis 45:15

Posted on February 14, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Gn 45:15 Osculatusque est Ioseph omnes fratres suos, et ploravit super singulos: post quæ ausi sunt loqui ad eum.

And Joseph kissed all his brothers, and he wept over each one; after which they dared to speak to him.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Osculatusque and he kissed NOM.SG.M.PERF.PTCP.DEP + ENCLITIC
2 est was 3SG.PRES.IND.AUX
3 Ioseph Joseph NOM.SG.M
4 omnes all ACC.PL.M
5 fratres brothers ACC.PL.M
6 suos his ACC.PL.M.REFL
7 et and CONJ
8 ploravit he wept 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
9 super over PREP+ACC
10 singulos each one ACC.PL.M
11 post after PREP+ACC
12 quae which things ACC.PL.N.REL
13 ausi having dared NOM.PL.M.PERF.PTCP
14 sunt they were 3PL.PRES.IND.AUX
15 loqui to speak PRES.DEP.INF
16 ad to PREP+ACC
17 eum him ACC.SG.M

Syntax

Main clause #1:
• Osculatusque est Ioseph omnes fratres suos — “And Joseph kissed all his brothers.”
— Participle: Osculatus
— Auxiliary: est
— Subject: Ioseph
— Object phrase: omnes fratres suos

Main clause #2:
• et ploravit super singulos — “and he wept over each one.”
— Verb: ploravit
— Prepositional phrase: super singulos

Temporal/result clause:
• post quae ausi sunt loqui ad eum — “after which they dared to speak to him.”
— Preposition + relative: post quae
— Verb phrase: ausi sunt (deponent perfect)
— Complement infinitive: loqui
— Prepositional phrase: ad eum

Morphology

  1. Osculatusque — Lemma: osculor; Part of Speech: deponent participle; Form: nominative singular masculine perfect participle + enclitic -que; Function: part of periphrastic verb; Translation: “and having kissed”; Notes: deponent: passive form, active meaning.
  2. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: auxiliary verb; Form: present indicative 3rd singular; Function: completes deponent perfect; Translation: “was”; Notes: forms perfect periphrasis.
  3. Ioseph — Lemma: Ioseph; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “Joseph”; Notes: Hebrew name treated as indeclinable in some manuscripts.
  4. omnes — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: modifies fratres; Translation: “all”; Notes: emphasizes totality.
  5. fratres — Lemma: frater; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “brothers”; Notes: Joseph’s siblings.
  6. suos — Lemma: suus; Part of Speech: reflexive possessive adjective; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: modifies fratres; Translation: “his”; Notes: reflexive to Joseph.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Function: links clauses; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple coordination.
  8. ploravit — Lemma: ploro; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “he wept”; Notes: expresses deep emotion.
  9. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses position; Translation: “over”; Notes: indicates physical contact near the neck.
  10. singulos — Lemma: singulus; Part of Speech: distributive adjective; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: object of super; Translation: “each one”; Notes: emphasizes individual affection.
  11. post — Lemma: post; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: temporal marker; Translation: “after”; Notes: introduces sequence.
  12. quae — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: object of post; Translation: “which things”; Notes: refers to preceding actions.
  13. ausi — Lemma: audeo; Part of Speech: semi-deponent verb (participle); Form: nominative plural masculine perfect participle; Function: subject; Translation: “having dared”; Notes: perfect meaning built on participle + auxiliary.
  14. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: auxiliary; Form: present indicative 3rd plural; Function: completes deponent perfect; Translation: “they were”; Notes: forms compound verb.
  15. loqui — Lemma: loquor; Part of Speech: deponent verb; Form: present infinitive; Function: complement of ausi sunt; Translation: “to speak”; Notes: infinitive expresses what they dared to do.
  16. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: indicates direction; Translation: “to”; Notes: governs eum.
  17. eum — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ad; Translation: “him”; Notes: refers to Joseph.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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