Leviticus 22:1

Posted on April 22, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 22:1 Locutus quoque est Dominus ad Moysen, dicens:

And the LORD also has spoken to Moyses, saying:

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Locutus having spoken PERF.PTCP.DEP.NOM.SG.M
2 quoque also ADV
3 est has 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
4 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
5 ad to PREP+ACC
6 Moysen Moses ACC.SG.M
7 dicens saying PRES.PTCP.ACT.NOM.SG.M

Syntax

Main Clause: Dominus (subject) + locutus est (perfect deponent verb phrase).
Adverbial Modifier: quoque — adds inclusiveness or continuation (“also”).
Prepositional Phrase: ad Moysen — marks the recipient of the speech.
Participial Phrase: dicens — introduces the divine utterance that follows.

Morphology

  1. Locutus — Lemma: loquor; Part of Speech: Verb (deponent); Form: perfect participle nominative masculine singular; Function: forms a perfect tense verb with est; Translation: “having spoken”; Notes: Though passive in form, the participle is active in meaning, typical of deponent verbs.
  2. quoque — Lemma: quoque; Part of Speech: Adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: modifies the verbal action by adding emphasis; Translation: “also”; Notes: Common in narrative to signal continuation or addition in a sequence.
  3. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: Verb; Form: third person singular present active indicative; Function: auxiliary verb completing the perfect tense; Translation: “has”; Notes: With a perfect participle of a deponent verb, it yields a true perfect sense.
  4. Dominus — Lemma: dominus; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: nominative masculine singular (second declension); Function: grammatical subject of the clause; Translation: “LORD”; Notes: In this Mosaic context, the term designates YHWH and is rendered in small capitals.
  5. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: Preposition; Form: governing the accusative; Function: introduces the addressee of the speech; Translation: “to”; Notes: Regularly used with verbs of communication to indicate direction toward a person.
  6. Moysen — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: object of the preposition ad; Translation: “Moyses”; Notes: The accusative form reflects Greek influence on the Latin declension of the name.
  7. dicens — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: Verb; Form: present active participle nominative masculine singular; Function: participial modifier explaining the manner of speaking; Translation: “saying”; Notes: Standard narrative formula introducing direct divine speech without breaking syntactic flow.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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