Exodus 7:13

Posted on February 26, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 7:13 Induratumque est cor Pharaonis, et non audivit eos, sicut præceperat Dominus.

And the heart of Pharao was hardened, and he did not listen to them, just as the LORD had commanded.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Induratumque and was hardened NOM.SG.N.PERF.PASS.PART + ENCLITIC
2 est was 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
3 cor heart NOM.SG.N
4 Pharaonis of Pharaoh GEN.SG.M (NAME)
5 et and CONJ
6 non not ADV
7 audivit he listened 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
8 eos them ACC.PL.M.PRON
9 sicut just as CONJ
10 præceperat had commanded 3SG.PLUPERF.ACT.IND
11 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M

Syntax

Induratumque est cor Pharaonis —
cor is the subject; Induratumque est is the passive periphrasis; Pharaonis is a subjective genitive (“the heart of Pharaoh”).

et non audivit eos —
audivit (main verb) + eos (object), with et linking to the previous clause.

sicut præceperat Dominus —
Dominus is the subject; præceperat is pluperfect, describing prior divine determination.

Morphology

  1. Induratumque — Lemma: induro + -que; Part of Speech: participle + enclitic; Form: nominative singular neuter perfect passive participle; Function: predicate with est; Translation: and was hardened; Notes: -que links tightly to prior narrative.
  2. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present active indicative; Function: auxiliary in passive periphrasis; Translation: was; Notes: completes passive construction.
  3. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular neuter; Function: subject; Translation: heart; Notes: metaphor for will or disposition.
  4. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: subjective genitive; Translation: of Pharaoh; Notes: links the hardened heart to the ruler.
  5. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links clauses; Translation: and; Notes: simple coordinator.
  6. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: negation; Translation: not; Notes: modifies audivit.
  7. audivit — Lemma: audio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular perfect active indicative; Function: main verb of second clause; Translation: he listened; Notes: expresses refusal to heed.
  8. eos — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: them; Notes: refers to Moses and Aaron.
  9. sicut — Lemma: sicut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces comparative clause; Translation: just as; Notes: marks divine foreordination.
  10. præceperat — Lemma: præcipio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular pluperfect active indicative; Function: verb of subordinate clause; Translation: had commanded; Notes: indicates prior divine determination.
  11. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of subordinate clause; Translation: LORD; Notes: refers to YHWH.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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