Exodus 7:14

Posted on February 26, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 7:14 Dixit autem Dominus ad Moysen: Ingravatum est cor Pharaonis, non vult dimittere populum.

But the LORD said to Moyses: “The heart of Pharao is heavy; he does not wish to let the people go.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Dixit said 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
2 autem however / but ADV
3 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
4 ad to PREP+ACC
5 Moysen Moses ACC.SG.M (NAME)
6 Ingravatum made heavy NOM.SG.N.PERF.PASS.PART
7 est is 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
8 cor heart NOM.SG.N
9 Pharaonis of Pharaoh GEN.SG.M (NAME)
10 non not ADV
11 vult he wishes 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
12 dimittere to release PRES.ACT.INF
13 populum people ACC.SG.M

Syntax

Main introductory clause:
Dixit autem Dominus ad Moysen —
Dixit (verb) + Dominus (subject) + ad Moysen (recipient).

Ingravatum est cor Pharaonis —
cor (subject) + Ingravatum est (passive periphrasis) + Pharaonis (subjective genitive).

non vult dimittere populum —
vult (main verb) negated by non + dimittere (complement infinitive) + populum (object).

Morphology

  1. Dixit — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular perfect active indicative; Function: introduces divine speech; Translation: said; Notes: standard narrative verb.
  2. autem — Lemma: autem; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: connective particle; Translation: however / but; Notes: soft contrastive marker.
  3. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: LORD; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  4. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: indicates recipient; Translation: to; Notes: used with verbs of speaking.
  5. Moysen — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: Moses; Notes: recipient of divine communication.
  6. Ingravatum — Lemma: ingravo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative singular neuter perfect passive participle; Function: predicate of passive periphrasis; Translation: made heavy; Notes: describes Pharaoh’s hardened disposition.
  7. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present active indicative; Function: auxiliary with participle; Translation: is; Notes: completes the periphrastic passive.
  8. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular neuter; Function: subject; Translation: heart; Notes: metaphor for Pharaoh’s inner will.
  9. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: subjective genitive; Translation: of Pharaoh; Notes: specifies whose heart is hardened.
  10. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: negation; Translation: not; Notes: negates vult.
  11. vult — Lemma: volo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present active indicative; Function: main verb; Translation: he wishes; Notes: expresses volition/refusal.
  12. dimittere — Lemma: dimitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active infinitive; Function: complement to vult; Translation: to release; Notes: describes intended action.
  13. populum — Lemma: populus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: direct object of infinitive; Translation: people; Notes: refers to Israel.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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