Exodus 9:12

Posted on February 28, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 9:12 Induravitque Dominus cor Pharaonis, et non audivit eos, sicut locutus est Dominus ad Moysen.

And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharao, and he did not listen to them, just as the LORD had spoken to Moyses.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Induravitque and hardened 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND + ENCLITIC
2 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
3 cor heart ACC.SG.N
4 Pharaonis of Pharaoh GEN.SG.M
5 et and CONJ
6 non not ADV
7 audivit listened to 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
8 eos them ACC.PL.M
9 sicut just as CONJ
10 locutus spoken NOM.SG.M.PERF.PASS.PPL (DEP)
11 est has 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND (AUX)
12 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
13 ad to PREP+ACC
14 Moysen Moses ACC.SG.M

Syntax

Main Clause 1:
Induravitque Dominus cor Pharaonis — “And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh.”
• Dominus — subject
• induravit — verb (perfect)
• cor — direct object
• Pharaonis — genitive of possession

Main Clause 2:
et non audivit eos — “and he did not listen to them.”
• Implicit subject = Pharaoh
• audivit — verb
• eos — direct object

Comparative Clause:
sicut locutus est Dominus ad Moysen — “just as the LORD had spoken to Moses.”
• locutus est — deponent perfect
• Dominus — subject
• ad Moysen — indirect object

Morphology

  1. Induravitque — Lemma: induro; Part of Speech: verb + enclitic; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular + -que; Function: main verb; Translation: “and hardened”; Notes: -que links this action to the preceding verse.
  2. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “LORD”; Notes: Refers to YHWH.
  3. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object; Translation: “heart”; Notes: Seat of willfulness.
  4. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: modifies cor; Translation: “of Pharaoh”; Notes: Possessive genitive.
  5. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Function: links clauses; Translation: “and”; Notes: Coordination.
  6. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Function: negation; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates audivit.
  7. audivit — Lemma: audio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “listened to”; Notes: Pharaoh’s refusal.
  8. eos — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “them”; Notes: Refers to Moses and Aaron.
  9. sicut — Lemma: sicut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: comparative; Function: introduces comparison; Translation: “just as”; Notes: Marks fulfillment.
  10. locutus — Lemma: loquor; Part of Speech: participle (deponent); Form: nominative singular masculine perfect passive participle in form but active in meaning; Function: part of periphrastic; Translation: “spoken”; Notes: Deponent verb with active sense.
  11. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative 3rd singular; Function: auxiliary; Translation: “has”; Notes: Forms perfect of deponent.
  12. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “LORD”; Notes: YHWH again.
  13. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: marks indirect object; Translation: “to”; Notes: Direction toward person.
  14. Moysen — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ad; Translation: “Moses”; Notes: Recipient of divine speech.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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