Leviticus 11:12

Posted on April 11, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 11:12 Cuncta quæ non habent pinnulas et squamas in aquis, polluta erunt.

All things that do not have fins and scales in the waters, shall be unclean.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Cuncta all things NOM.PL.N
2 quæ which REL.NOM.PL.N
3 non not ADV
4 habent have 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
5 pinnulas fins ACC.PL.F
6 et and CONJ
7 squamas scales ACC.PL.F
8 in in PREP+ABL
9 aquis waters ABL.PL.F
10 polluta unclean NOM.PL.N
11 erunt shall be 3PL.FUT.ACT.IND

Syntax

Subject: Cuncta — universal scope without exception
Relative Clause: quæ non habent pinnulas et squamas — defining deficiency
Locative Phrase: in aquis — aquatic domain
Predicate: polluta erunt — future legal status assigned

Morphology

  1. Cuncta — Lemma: cunctus; Part of Speech: adjective used substantively; Form: nominative neuter plural; Function: subject; Translation: all things; Notes: Absolute generalization covering every case.
  2. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative neuter plural; Function: subject of relative clause; Translation: which; Notes: Refers back to Cuncta.
  3. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: invariable; Function: negation; Translation: not; Notes: Denies possession of required traits.
  4. habent — Lemma: habeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural present active indicative; Function: predicate of relative clause; Translation: have; Notes: Governs the following direct objects.
  5. pinnulas — Lemma: pinnula; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine plural; Function: direct object; Translation: fins; Notes: First required aquatic feature.
  6. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Joins the two criteria.
  7. squamas — Lemma: squama; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine plural; Function: direct object; Translation: scales; Notes: Second required aquatic feature.
  8. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: location; Translation: in; Notes: Indicates environment.
  9. aquis — Lemma: aqua; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative feminine plural; Function: object of in; Translation: waters; Notes: Aquatic setting.
  10. polluta — Lemma: pollutus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: nominative neuter plural; Function: predicate adjective; Translation: unclean; Notes: Ritual defilement declared.
  11. erunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural future active indicative; Function: copula; Translation: shall be; Notes: Establishes future legal status.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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