Exodus 15:25

Posted on March 6, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 15:25 At ille clamavit ad Dominum. qui ostendit ei lignum: quod cum misisset in aquas, in dulcedinem versæ sunt. ibi constituit ei præcepta, atque iudicia, et ibi tentavit eum,

But he cried to the LORD, and He showed him a piece of wood; which, when he had cast it into the waters, they were turned into sweetness. There He established for him precepts and judgments, and there He tested him.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 At but CONJ
2 ille he PRON.NOM.SG.M
3 clamavit cried out 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
4 ad to PREP+ACC
5 Dominum the LORD NOUN.ACC.SG.M
6 qui who PRON.NOM.SG.M
7 ostendit showed 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
8 ei to him PRON.DAT.SG.M
9 lignum wood NOUN.ACC.SG.N
10 quod which PRON.ACC.SG.N
11 cum when CONJ
12 misisset had cast 3SG.PLUPERF.ACT.SUBJ
13 in into PREP+ACC
14 aquas waters NOUN.ACC.PL.F
15 in into PREP+ACC
16 dulcedinem sweetness NOUN.ACC.SG.F
17 versæ were turned PPP.NOM.PL.F
18 sunt were 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
19 ibi there ADV
20 constituit established 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
21 ei for him PRON.DAT.SG.M
22 præcepta precepts NOUN.ACC.PL.N
23 atque and CONJ
24 iudicia judgments NOUN.ACC.PL.N
25 et and CONJ
26 ibi there ADV
27 tentavit tested 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
28 eum him PRON.ACC.SG.M

Syntax

Main clause: At ille clamavit ad Dominum — contrastive conjunction + pronoun subject + perfect verb + prepositional phrase.
Relative clause: qui ostendit ei lignum — nominative relative pronoun + perfect verb + dative indirect object + direct object.
Subordinate temporal clause: quod cum misisset in aquas — relative pronoun + conjunction + pluperfect subjunctive verb + prepositional phrase.
Result clause: in dulcedinem versæ sunt — prepositional phrase + passive predicate.
Second clause: ibi constituit ei præcepta atque iudicia — adverb of place + perfect verb + indirect object + double direct object.
Final clause: et ibi tentavit eum — conjunction + adverb + verb + direct object.

Morphology

  1. At — Lemma: at; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces contrast; Translation: “but”; Notes: contrasts Moses with the murmuring people.
  2. ille — Lemma: ille; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “he”; Notes: refers to Moses.
  3. clamavit — Lemma: clamo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “cried out”; Notes: urgent appeal to YHWH.
  4. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: direction; Translation: “to”; Notes: introduces the addressee.
  5. Dominum — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ad; Translation: “the LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  6. qui — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of ostendit; Translation: “who”; Notes: introduces relative clause.
  7. ostendit — Lemma: ostendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “showed”; Notes: direct divine instruction.
  8. ei — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “to him”; Notes: refers to Moses.
  9. lignum — Lemma: lignum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of ostendit; Translation: “wood”; Notes: instrument of miracle.
  10. quod — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of misisset; Translation: “which”; Notes: refers to lignum.
  11. cum — Lemma: cum; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: introduces subjunctive; Function: temporal clause; Translation: “when”; Notes: narrative subordinating device.
  12. misisset — Lemma: mitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: pluperfect active subjunctive third singular; Function: subordinate verb; Translation: “had cast”; Notes: prior completed action.
  13. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: motion into; Translation: “into”; Notes: spatial direction.
  14. aquas — Lemma: aqua; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural feminine; Function: object of in; Translation: “waters”; Notes: refers to the bitter waters of Marah.
  15. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: result direction; Translation: “into”; Notes: expresses transformation.
  16. dulcedinem — Lemma: dulcedo; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of in; Translation: “sweetness”; Notes: result state.
  17. versæ — Lemma: verto; Part of Speech: participle; Form: perfect passive participle nominative plural feminine; Function: predicate; Translation: “turned”; Notes: agrees with aquas understood.
  18. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative third plural; Function: auxiliary; Translation: “were”; Notes: completes passive.
  19. ibi — Lemma: ibi; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: locative; Translation: “there”; Notes: marks sacred location.
  20. constituit — Lemma: constituo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “established”; Notes: covenantal action.
  21. ei — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “for him”; Notes: refers to Israel collectively.
  22. præcepta — Lemma: præceptum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: object; Translation: “precepts”; Notes: divine commands.
  23. atque — Lemma: atque; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: joins nouns; Translation: “and”; Notes: stronger connective.
  24. iudicia — Lemma: iudicium; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: coordinated object; Translation: “judgments”; Notes: legal rulings.
  25. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links clauses; Translation: “and”; Notes: continues narrative.
  26. ibi — Lemma: ibi; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: locative; Translation: “there”; Notes: repetition emphasizes site.
  27. tentavit — Lemma: tento; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “tested”; Notes: tests faithfulness.
  28. eum — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “him”; Notes: refers to Israel.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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