Exodus 9:35

Posted on February 28, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 9:35 et ingravatum est cor eius, et servorum illius, et induratum nimis: nec dimisit filios Israel, sicut præceperat Dominus per manum Moysi.

and his heart was hardened, and the heart of his servants, and it was greatly stiffened; nor did he send forth the sons of Israel, just as the LORD had commanded through the hand of Moyses.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 et and CONJ
2 ingravatum hardened NOM.SG.N.PERF.PASS.PTCP
3 est was 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
4 cor heart NOM.SG.N
5 eius his GEN.SG.M
6 et and CONJ
7 servorum of the servants GEN.PL.M
8 illius of him GEN.SG.M
9 et and CONJ
10 induratum stiffened NOM.SG.N.PERF.PASS.PTCP
11 nimis greatly ADV
12 nec and not CONJ/ADV
13 dimisit sent forth 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
14 filios sons ACC.PL.M
15 Israel Israel ACC.SG.INVAR
16 sicut just as CONJ
17 præceperat had commanded 3SG.PLUPERF.ACT.IND
18 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
19 per through PREP+ACC
20 manum hand ACC.SG.F
21 Moysi of Moses GEN.SG.M

Syntax

Series of Passive Predicate Clauses:
ingravatum est cor eius — “his heart was hardened.”
et servorum illius — genitive phrase, “and the heart of his servants.”
et induratum nimis — “and it was stiffened exceedingly.”

Negative Main Clause:
nec dimisit filios Israel — “and he did not send forth the sons of Israel.”
filios Israel — direct object.

Comparative Clause:
sicut præceperat Dominus — “just as the LORD had commanded.”
per manum Moysi — instrumental phrase, “through the hand of Moses.”

Morphology

  1. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links clauses; Translation: “and”; Notes: standard coordination.
  2. ingravatum — Lemma: ingravo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative singular neuter perfect passive participle; Function: predicate participle; Translation: “hardened”; Notes: agrees with implied neuter subject “cor.”
  3. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular present active indicative; Function: auxiliary/copula; Translation: “was”; Notes: forms perfect passive.
  4. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular neuter; Function: subject; Translation: “heart”; Notes: metaphor for inner disposition.
  5. eius — Lemma: eius; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: genitive singular; Function: possessive genitive; Translation: “his”; Notes: refers to Pharaoh.
  6. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links additional genitive phrase; Translation: “and”; Notes: introduces second hardened group.
  7. servorum — Lemma: servus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive plural masculine; Function: possessive genitive; Translation: “of the servants”; Notes: indicates accompanying moral hardening.
  8. illius — Lemma: ille; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: modifies servorum; Translation: “of him”; Notes: reinforces possession.
  9. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: adds third predicate; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple additive.
  10. induratum — Lemma: indūro; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative singular neuter perfect passive participle; Function: predicate participle; Translation: “stiffened”; Notes: intensifies moral resistance.
  11. nimis — Lemma: nimis; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: adverb of degree; Function: modifies induratum; Translation: “exceedingly”; Notes: heightens emphasis.
  12. nec — Lemma: nec; Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb; Form: negative connective; Function: introduces negative action; Translation: “and not”; Notes: continues prior negative development.
  13. dimisit — Lemma: dimitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular perfect active indicative; Function: main verb; Translation: “he sent forth”; Notes: here negated by nec.
  14. filios — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “sons”; Notes: refers to the Israelites.
  15. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: noun (indeclinable); Form: accusative invar.; Function: modifies filios; Translation: “Israel”; Notes: proper name.
  16. sicut — Lemma: sicut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: comparative; Function: introduces comparison; Translation: “just as”; Notes: introduces standard of comparison.
  17. præceperat — Lemma: praecipio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative; Function: verb of comparative clause; Translation: “had commanded”; Notes: refers to earlier divine command.
  18. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of præceperat; Translation: “LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  19. per — Lemma: per; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses agency/instrument; Translation: “through”; Notes: indicates mediating person.
  20. manum — Lemma: manus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of per; Translation: “hand”; Notes: idiomatic for agency.
  21. Moysi — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive of agent with per manum; Translation: “of Moses”; Notes: expresses divinely mediated command.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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