Exodus 9:34

Posted on February 28, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 9:34 Videns autem Pharao quod cessasset pluvia, et grando et tonitrua, auxit peccatum:

But Pharao, seeing that the rain and the hail and the thunders had ceased, increased his sin;

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Videns seeing NOM.SG.M.PRES.ACT.PTCP
2 autem however ADV.CONJ
3 Pharao Pharaoh NOM.SG.M
4 quod that CONJ
5 cessasset had ceased 3SG.PLUPERF.ACT.SUBJ
6 pluvia rain NOM.SG.F
7 et and CONJ
8 grando hail NOM.SG.F
9 et and CONJ
10 tonitrua thunders NOM.PL.N
11 auxit increased 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
12 peccatum sin ACC.SG.N

Syntax

Circumstantial Participle:
Videns autem Pharao — “But Pharaoh, seeing…”
autem adds adversative nuance.

Object Clause (introduced by quod):
cessasset pluvia et grando et tonitrua — pluperfect subjunctive stating completed cessation.
pluvia, grando, tonitrua — coordinated subjects.

Main Clause:
auxit peccatum — “he increased his sin.”
peccatum — direct object.

Morphology

  1. Videns — Lemma: video; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative singular masculine present active participle; Function: circumstantial modifier of Pharao; Translation: “seeing”; Notes: introduces participial clause expressing cause or circumstance.
  2. autem — Lemma: autem; Part of Speech: adverb/conjunction; Form: postpositive; Function: adds contrast; Translation: “however”; Notes: always placed after first word of clause.
  3. Pharao — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “Pharaoh”; Notes: Egyptian monarch.
  4. quod — Lemma: quod; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: subordinating; Function: introduces object clause; Translation: “that”; Notes: frequently introduces indirect discourse in Vulgate Latin.
  5. cessasset — Lemma: cessō; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular pluperfect active subjunctive; Function: verb of object clause; Translation: “had ceased”; Notes: subjunctive follows quod in indirect statement.
  6. pluvia — Lemma: pluvia; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular feminine; Function: subject of cessasset; Translation: “rain”; Notes: first in a list of weather elements.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links subjects; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple coordination.
  8. grando — Lemma: grando; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular feminine; Function: subject of cessasset; Translation: “hail”; Notes: natural element associated with the plague.
  9. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: adds third subject; Translation: “and”; Notes: equal connection.
  10. tonitrua — Lemma: tonitruum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: subject of cessasset; Translation: “thunders”; Notes: neuter plural contributes to a cumulative subject-list.
  11. auxit — Lemma: augeō; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular perfect active indicative; Function: main verb; Translation: “increased”; Notes: portrays Pharaoh’s moral worsening.
  12. peccatum — Lemma: peccatum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object of auxit; Translation: “sin”; Notes: denotes guilt intensified by obstinacy.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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