Exodus 10:1

Posted on March 1, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 10:1 Et dixit Dominus ad Moysen: Ingredere ad Pharaonem: ego enim induravi cor eius, et servorum illius: ut faciam signa mea hæc in eo,

And the LORD said to Moyses: “Go in to Pharao, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, so that I may do these my signs in him.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Et and CONJ
2 dixit said 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
3 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
4 ad to PREP+ACC
5 Moysen Moses ACC.SG.M
6 Ingredere enter 2SG.PRES.DEP.IMP
7 ad to PREP+ACC
8 Pharaonem Pharaoh ACC.SG.M
9 ego I NOM.SG.PRON
10 enim for ADV.CONJ
11 induravi I have hardened 1SG.PERF.ACT.IND
12 cor heart ACC.SG.N
13 eius his GEN.SG.M
14 et and CONJ
15 servorum of the servants GEN.PL.M
16 illius of him GEN.SG.M
17 ut so that SUBORD.CONJ
18 faciam I may do 1SG.PRES.ACT.SUBJ
19 signa signs ACC.PL.N
20 mea my ACC.PL.N
21 hæc these ACC.PL.N.DEM
22 in in PREP+ABL
23 eo him ABL.SG.M

Syntax

Main Clause:
Et dixit Dominus ad Moysen — “And the LORD said to Moses.”
Dominus is the subject; dixit the verb; ad Moysen indirect object.

Imperative Command:
Ingredere ad Pharaonem — “Enter to Pharaoh.”
Ingredere is the 2nd singular imperative of a deponent verb.

Causal Clause:
ego enim induravi cor eius et servorum illius — “for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants.”
induravi is the main perfect verb;
cor eius and cor servorum illius form the compound direct object.

Final Clause (ut + subjunctive):
ut faciam signa mea hæc in eo — “so that I may do these my signs in him.”
faciam is subjunctive of purpose;
signa mea hæc is the object;
in eo expresses location or sphere of divine action.

Morphology

  1. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: connects narrative sequence; Translation: “and”; Notes: frequent in Vulgate narrative.
  2. dixit — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular perfect active indicative; Function: main verb; Translation: “said”; Notes: introduces divine speech formula.
  3. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  4. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: marks direction; Translation: “to”; Notes: common in speech-reporting formulas.
  5. Moysen — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: indirect object of dixit; Translation: “Moses”; Notes: Hebrew origin, declined as Greek loan.
  6. Ingredere — Lemma: ingredior; Part of Speech: verb (deponent); Form: 2nd person singular present imperative; Function: command to Moses; Translation: “enter”; Notes: deponent in form but active in meaning.
  7. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses movement toward; Translation: “to”; Notes: parallels earlier ad Moysen.
  8. Pharaonem — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ad; Translation: “Pharaoh”; Notes: Egyptian ruler.
  9. ego — Lemma: ego; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative singular; Function: explicit subject for emphasis; Translation: “I”; Notes: emphatic before enim.
  10. enim — Lemma: enim; Part of Speech: adverb/conjunction; Form: postpositive; Function: introduces cause; Translation: “for”; Notes: follows the word it modifies.
  11. induravi — Lemma: indūro; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 1st person singular perfect active indicative; Function: states divine action; Translation: “I have hardened”; Notes: perfect with completed action nuance.
  12. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “heart”; Notes: object of divine hardening.
  13. eius — Lemma: eius; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: genitive singular; Function: possessive modifier of cor; Translation: “his”; Notes: refers to Pharaoh.
  14. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: joins second object; Translation: “and”; Notes: equal connection.
  15. servorum — Lemma: servus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive plural masculine; Function: possessive; Translation: “of the servants”; Notes: refers to Pharaoh’s attendants.
  16. illius — Lemma: ille; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: modifies servorum; Translation: “of him”; Notes: reinforces relationship.
  17. ut — Lemma: ut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: final; Function: introduces purpose clause; Translation: “so that”; Notes: governs subjunctive.
  18. faciam — Lemma: facio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 1st person singular present active subjunctive; Function: verb of purpose clause; Translation: “I may do”; Notes: expresses divine intention.
  19. signa — Lemma: signum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: object of faciam; Translation: “signs”; Notes: miraculous acts.
  20. mea — Lemma: meus; Part of Speech: adjective/pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: modifies signa; Translation: “my”; Notes: emphasizes divine ownership.
  21. hæc — Lemma: hic; Part of Speech: demonstrative pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: intensifies signa; Translation: “these”; Notes: points to specific signs.
  22. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: expresses location or sphere; Translation: “in”; Notes: focuses signs upon Pharaoh.
  23. eo — Lemma: is (id); Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: ablative singular masculine; Function: object of in; Translation: “him”; Notes: refers to Pharaoh specifically.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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