Leviticus 11:16

Posted on April 11, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 11:16 struthionem, et noctuam, et larum, et accipitrem iuxta genus suum:

the ostrich, and the owl, and the gull, and the hawk according to their kind;

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 struthionem ostrich ACC.SG.M
2 et and CONJ
3 noctuam owl ACC.SG.F
4 et and CONJ
5 larum gull ACC.SG.F
6 et and CONJ
7 accipitrem hawk ACC.SG.M
8 iuxta according to PREP+ACC
9 genus kind ACC.SG.N
10 suum their ACC.SG.N.POSS

Syntax

Enumerated Objects: struthionem et noctuam et larum et accipitrem — continuation of the prohibited bird list
Classification Phrase: iuxta genus suum — species-based grouping applying distributively to each bird

Morphology

  1. struthionem — Lemma: struthio; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: object of implied prohibition; Translation: ostrich; Notes: Large flightless bird listed among unclean birds.
  2. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Joins items in the list.
  3. noctuam — Lemma: noctua; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine singular; Function: object; Translation: owl; Notes: Nocturnal bird associated with desolation.
  4. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Continues enumeration.
  5. larum — Lemma: larus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine singular; Function: object; Translation: gull; Notes: Sea bird included among prohibited birds.
  6. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Links final item.
  7. accipitrem — Lemma: accipiter; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: object; Translation: hawk; Notes: Bird of prey grouped with its species.
  8. iuxta — Lemma: iuxta; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: standard of classification; Translation: according to; Notes: Indicates grouping by kind.
  9. genus — Lemma: genus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative neuter singular; Function: object of iuxta; Translation: kind; Notes: Taxonomic category.
  10. suum — Lemma: suus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: accusative neuter singular; Function: modifier of genus; Translation: their; Notes: Distributive sense applying individually.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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