Lv 11:17 bubonem, et mergulum, et ibin,
the eagle owl, and the cormorant, and the ibis,
| # |
Latin |
Gloss |
Grammar Tag |
| 1 |
bubonem |
eagle owl |
ACC.SG.M |
| 2 |
et |
and |
CONJ |
| 3 |
mergulum |
cormorant |
ACC.SG.M |
| 4 |
et |
and |
CONJ |
| 5 |
ibin |
ibis |
ACC.SG.F |
Syntax
Enumerated Objects: bubonem et mergulum et ibin — continuation of the catalogue of prohibited birds
Coordination: et — additive linkage within the list
Morphology
- bubonem — Lemma: bubo; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: object of implied prohibition; Translation: eagle owl; Notes: Large nocturnal bird associated with desolation.
- et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Links items in the list.
- mergulum — Lemma: mergulus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: object of implied prohibition; Translation: cormorant; Notes: Diving waterbird included among unclean birds.
- et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Continues enumeration.
- ibin — Lemma: ibis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine singular; Function: object of implied prohibition; Translation: ibis; Notes: Wading bird listed among prohibited species.
About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus
Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546.
The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.