Numeri 21:12 (Numbers 21:12)

Posted on May 18, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Nm 21:12 Et inde moventes, venerunt ad Torrentem Zared.

And from there, moving onward, they came to the Torrent Zared.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Et and CONJ
2 inde from there ADV
3 moventes moving PRES.ACT.PTCP.NOM.PL.M
4 venerunt they came 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
5 ad to PREP+ACC
6 Torrentem Torrent ACC.SG.M
7 Zared Zered INDECL

Syntax

Main Clause: venerunt expresses the completed arrival at the next location.

Participial Phrase: moventes describes the people as journeying onward before arriving.

Adverbial Phrase: inde identifies the point of departure from the previous encampment.

Destination Phrase: ad Torrentem Zared specifies the location reached.

Morphology

  1. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: joins this stage of the journey to the preceding narrative; Translation: “and”; Notes: continues the wilderness itinerary sequence.
  2. inde — Lemma: inde; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: adverb of place; Function: indicates point of departure; Translation: “from there”; Notes: refers back to the previous encampment location.
  3. moventes — Lemma: moveo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active participle nominative plural masculine; Function: participial modifier of the implied subject; Translation: “moving”; Notes: portrays the people actively proceeding onward in their journey.
  4. venerunt — Lemma: venio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural perfect active indicative; Function: main narrative verb; Translation: “they came”; Notes: marks completed arrival at the destination.
  5. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the accusative; Function: introduces destination phrase; Translation: “to”; Notes: indicates movement toward a place.
  6. Torrentem — Lemma: torrens; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ad; Translation: “Torrent”; Notes: refers to a rushing stream or wadi.
  7. Zared — Lemma: Zared; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: indeclinable proper noun; Function: modifies Torrentem; Translation: “Zared”; Notes: identifies the specific torrent valley reached during the journey.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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