Exodus 31:12

Posted on March 22, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 31:12 Et locutus est Dominus ad Moysen, dicens:

And the LORD spoke to Moyses, saying:

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Et and CONJ INDECL
2 locutus spoken NOM.SG.M PTCP.PERF.DEP
3 est has 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND IRREG
4 Dominus the LORD NOM.SG.M NOUN 2ND DECL
5 ad to PREP+ACC INDECL
6 Moysen Moses ACC.SG.M NOUN INDECL
7 dicens saying NOM.SG.M PTCP.PRES.ACT

Syntax

Main Clause: locutus est Dominus — deponent perfect construction meaning “the LORD spoke.”
Prepositional Phrase: ad Moysen — identifies Moses as the recipient of divine speech.
Supplementary Participle: dicens — introduces quoted or forthcoming divine instruction.
Conjunction: Et — links to prior narrative sequence.

Morphology

  1. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: narrative linkage; Translation: and; Notes: continues the flow of divine instructions.
  2. locutus — Lemma: loquor; Part of Speech: participle (deponent); Form: nominative singular masculine perfect participle; Function: part of periphrastic perfect; Translation: spoken; Notes: deponent form with active meaning.
  3. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative third singular; Function: auxiliary verb forming perfect; Translation: has; Notes: required to complete perfect construction.
  4. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: the LORD; Notes: refers to YHWH per your translation rule.
  5. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: introduces indirect object; Translation: to; Notes: standard formula for divine address.
  6. Moysen — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ad; Translation: Moses; Notes: indeclinable Biblical proper name.
  7. dicens — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative singular masculine present active participle; Function: supplementary participle introducing quoted speech; Translation: saying; Notes: anticipates forthcoming revelation.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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