Exodus 9:7

Posted on February 28, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 9:7 Et misit Pharao ad videndum: nec erat quidquam mortuum de his quæ possidebat Israel. Ingravatumque est cor Pharaonis, et non dimisit populum.

And Pharao sent to investigate, and there was nothing dead of those things which Israel possessed. And the heart of Pharao was hardened, and he did not release the people.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Et and CONJ
2 misit sent 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
3 Pharao Pharaoh NOM.SG.M
4 ad to PREP+ACC
5 videndum to see GERUND.ACC
6 nec and not CONJ
7 erat there was 3SG.IMPFT.ACT.IND
8 quidquam anything NOM/ACC.SG.N (INDECL.)
9 mortuum dead NOM/ACC.SG.N.PERF.PASS.PPL
10 de from PREP+ABL
11 his these things ABL.PL.N.DEM
12 quæ which NOM.PL.N (REL)
13 possidebat possessed 3SG.IMPFT.ACT.IND
14 Israel Israel NOM.SG.M (INVAR.)
15 Ingravatumque and was hardened NOM.SG.N.PERF.PASS.PPL + ENCLITIC
16 est was 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND (AUX)
17 cor heart NOM.SG.N
18 Pharaonis of Pharaoh GEN.SG.M
19 et and CONJ
20 non not ADV
21 dimisit released 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
22 populum the people ACC.SG.M

Syntax

Clause 1:
Et misit Pharao ad videndum — “And Pharaoh sent to investigate.”
• misit — main verb
• Pharao — subject
• ad videndum — purpose expressed with gerund

Clause 2:
nec erat quidquam mortuum de his quæ possidebat Israel — “and there was nothing dead of those things which Israel possessed.”
• quidquam mortuum — compound subject
• erat — verb
• de his — partitive ablative
• quæ possidebat Israel — relative clause of description

Clause 3:
Ingravatumque est cor Pharaonis — “And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened.”
• Ingravatum est — perfect passive
• cor Pharaonis — subject + genitive

Clause 4:
et non dimisit populum — “and he did not release the people.”
• dimisit — verb
• populum — direct object

Morphology

  1. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: connects narrative actions; Translation: “and”; Notes: Standard narrative link.
  2. misit — Lemma: mitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “sent”; Notes: Implies formal investigation.
  3. Pharao — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “Pharaoh”; Notes: Borrowed Egyptian title.
  4. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses purpose; Translation: “to”; Notes: Regular with gerund.
  5. videndum — Lemma: video; Part of Speech: gerund; Form: accusative singular; Function: shows purpose (“to see / investigate”); Translation: “to see”; Notes: Gerund, not gerundive.
  6. nec — Lemma: nec; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: negative; Function: introduces negated statement; Translation: “and not”; Notes: Strengthens contrast.
  7. erat — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: imperfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: verb of existence; Translation: “there was”; Notes: Imperfect for continuous state.
  8. quidquam — Lemma: quisquam; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative/accusative singular neuter indeclinable; Function: subject; Translation: “anything”; Notes: Used in negative constructions.
  9. mortuum — Lemma: morior; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative/accusative singular neuter perfect passive participle; Function: complements quidquam; Translation: “dead”; Notes: Shows divine distinction.
  10. de — Lemma: de; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: partitive; Translation: “from”; Notes: Common in contrasts.
  11. his — Lemma: hic; Part of Speech: demonstrative; Form: ablative plural neuter; Function: object of de; Translation: “these things”; Notes: Refers to Israel’s livestock.
  12. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: subject of relative clause; Translation: “which”; Notes: Links possessions to owner.
  13. possidebat — Lemma: possideo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: imperfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: verb of relative clause; Translation: “possessed”; Notes: Indicates ongoing ownership.
  14. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: indeclinable; Function: subject of possidebat; Translation: “Israel”; Notes: Hebrew proper name.
  15. Ingravatumque — Lemma: engravo; Part of Speech: participle + enclitic; Form: nominative singular neuter perfect passive participle + -que; Function: predicate; Translation: “and was hardened”; Notes: Describes Pharaoh’s stubbornness.
  16. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative 3rd singular; Function: auxiliary; Translation: “was”; Notes: Helps form perfect passive.
  17. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular neuter; Function: subject; Translation: “heart”; Notes: Figurative stubbornness.
  18. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: possessive; Translation: “of Pharaoh”; Notes: Standard genitive.
  19. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: connects final clause; Translation: “and”; Notes: Smooth narrative continuation.
  20. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: negative; Function: negates verb; Translation: “not”; Notes: Strengthens refusal.
  21. dimisit — Lemma: dimitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “released”; Notes: Refusal to let Israel go.
  22. populum — Lemma: populus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object; Translation: “people”; Notes: Refers to Israel.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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