Exodus 8:5

Posted on February 27, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 8:5 Dixitque Dominus ad Moysen: Dic ad Aaron: Extende manum tuam super fluvios ac super rivos et paludes, et educ ranas super Terram Ægypti.

And the LORD said to Moyses: “Say to Aaron: ‘Stretch out your hand over the rivers and over the streams and the marshes, and bring up frogs over the Land of Egypt.’”

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Dixitque and said 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND + ENCLITIC
2 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
3 ad to PREP+ACC
4 Moysen Moses ACC.SG.M
5 Dic say 2SG.PRES.ACT.IMP
6 ad to PREP+ACC
7 Aaron Aaron ACC.SG.M
8 Extende stretch out 2SG.PRES.ACT.IMP
9 manum hand ACC.SG.F
10 tuam your ACC.SG.F.POSS
11 super over PREP+ACC
12 fluvios rivers ACC.PL.M
13 ac and CONJ
14 super over PREP+ACC
15 rivos streams ACC.PL.M
16 et and CONJ
17 paludes marshes ACC.PL.F
18 et and CONJ
19 educ bring up 2SG.PRES.ACT.IMP
20 ranas frogs ACC.PL.F
21 super over PREP+ACC
22 Terram land ACC.SG.F
23 Ægypti of Egypt GEN.SG.F

Syntax

Main clause:
Dixitque Dominus ad Moysen — Subject: Dominus; Verb: Dixitque; indirect object: ad Moysen.

Direct commands spoken by the LORD:
• Dic ad Aaron — imperative addressed to Moses.
• Extende manum tuam super fluvios… — direct command given through Moses to Aaron.
• educ ranas super Terram Ægypti — final imperative.

Prepositional expansions:
• super fluvios
• super rivos
• super paludes
• super Terram Ægypti

The LORD commands Aaron (via Moses) to stretch his hand over every water source to initiate the plague.

Morphology

  1. Dixitque — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular perfect active indicative + enclitic -que; Function: main narrative verb; Translation: and said; Notes: -que links this action to preceding narrative.
  2. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: LORD; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  3. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: with accusative; Function: marks recipient; Translation: to; Notes: directional toward Moses.
  4. Moysen — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: Moses; Notes: standard Latin inflection of Hebrew name Moshe.
  5. Dic — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 2nd singular present active imperative; Function: command to Moses; Translation: say; Notes: direct divine instruction.
  6. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: introduces Aaron as recipient; Translation: to; Notes: typical for speech recipients.
  7. Aaron — Lemma: Aaron; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: Aaron; Notes: Hebrew name Aharon.
  8. Extende — Lemma: extendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 2nd singular present active imperative; Function: command; Translation: stretch out; Notes: ritual gesture initiating plague.
  9. manum — Lemma: manus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of Extende; Translation: hand; Notes: feminine 4th declension.
  10. tuam — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: modifies manum; Translation: your; Notes: marks ownership.
  11. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: with accusative here; Function: introduces areas targeted; Translation: over; Notes: expresses elevation or dominion.
  12. fluvios — Lemma: fluvius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: object of super; Translation: rivers; Notes: includes Nile branches.
  13. ac — Lemma: ac; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links parallel objects; Translation: and; Notes: stylistic variant of et.
  14. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: with accusative; Function: governs next object; Translation: over; Notes: parallel to earlier usage.
  15. rivos — Lemma: rivus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: object of super; Translation: streams; Notes: smaller channels.
  16. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: adds third category; Translation: and; Notes: coordinating.
  17. paludes — Lemma: palus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural feminine; Function: object of implied super; Translation: marshes; Notes: swampy areas of Nile basin.
  18. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces final command; Translation: and; Notes: transition to new imperative.
  19. educ — Lemma: educo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 2nd singular present active imperative; Function: command; Translation: bring up; Notes: command to cause emergence of frogs.
  20. ranas — Lemma: rana; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural feminine; Function: object of educ; Translation: frogs; Notes: direct agent of plague.
  21. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: with accusative; Function: introduces area affected; Translation: over; Notes: expresses coverage over land.
  22. Terram — Lemma: terra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of super; Translation: land; Notes: geographic domain.
  23. Ægypti — Lemma: Ægyptus; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: genitive singular feminine; Function: modifies Terram; Translation: of Egypt; Notes: objective genitive.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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