Exodus 22:26

Posted on March 13, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

26 Si pignus a proximo tuo acceperis vestimentum, ante solis occasum reddes ei.

If you take a garment as a pledge from your neighbor, you shall return it to him before the setting of the sun.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Si if CONJ.INDECL
2 pignus a pledge NOUN.ACC.SG.N.3RD DECL
3 a from PREP+ABL
4 proximo neighbor NOUN.ABL.SG.M.2ND DECL
5 tuo your PRON.ABL.SG.M.POSS
6 acceperis you take 2SG.FUTP.ACT.IND.3RD CONJ
7 vestimentum garment NOUN.ACC.SG.N.3RD DECL
8 ante before PREP+ACC
9 solis of the sun NOUN.GEN.SG.M.3RD DECL
10 occasum setting NOUN.ACC.SG.M.4TH DECL
11 reddes you shall return 2SG.FUT.ACT.IND.3RD CONJ
12 ei to him PRON.DAT.SG.M.PERS

Syntax

Protasis: Si pignus … acceperis — future perfect marks a completed legal act (taking a pledge).
Prepositional Phrase: a proximo tuo — source (“from your neighbor”).
Direct Object: vestimentum — specifies the pledged item.
Temporal Phrase: ante solis occasum — deadline for return.
Main Clause: reddes ei — legal requirement to restore property.

Morphology

  1. Si — Lemma: si; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces legal condition; Translation: “if”; Notes: standard protasis marker.
  2. pignus — Lemma: pignus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “a pledge”; Notes: typically refers to collateral property.
  3. a — Lemma: a/ab; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: indicates source; Translation: “from”; Notes: used before consonants.
  4. proximo — Lemma: proximus; Part of Speech: noun/adjective used substantively; Form: ablative singular masculine; Function: object of a; Translation: “neighbor”; Notes: relates to Israelite community member.
  5. tuo — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: ablative singular masculine; Function: modifies proximo; Translation: “your”; Notes: emphasizes personal relationship.
  6. acceperis — Lemma: accipio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 2nd singular future perfect active indicative; Function: main verb of protasis; Translation: “you take / you will have taken”; Notes: future perfect expresses completed legal action.
  7. vestimentum — Lemma: vestimentum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “garment”; Notes: common pledge among the poor.
  8. ante — Lemma: ante; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses time limit; Translation: “before”; Notes: temporal preposition.
  9. solis — Lemma: sol; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive dependent on occasum; Translation: “of the sun”; Notes: part of genitive construction.
  10. occasum — Lemma: occasus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ante; Translation: “setting”; Notes: refers to sunset.
  11. reddes — Lemma: reddo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 2nd singular future active indicative; Function: main verb of apodosis; Translation: “you shall return”; Notes: legal obligation.
  12. ei — Lemma: is, ea, id; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “to him”; Notes: refers to the neighbor.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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