Numeri 32:34 (Numbers 32:34)

Posted on May 29, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Nm 32:34 Igitur extruxerunt filii Gad, Dibon, et Ataroth, et Aroer,

Therefore the sons of Gad built Dibon, and Ataroth, and Aroer,

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Igitur therefore ADV.INVAR
2 extruxerunt they built 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
3 filii the sons NOM.PL.M
4 Gad of Gad INDECL
5 Dibon Dibon ACC.SG.F.INDECL.OBJ
6 et and CONJ.INVAR
7 Ataroth Ataroth ACC.SG.F.INDECL.OBJ
8 et and CONJ.INVAR
9 Aroer Aroer ACC.SG.F.INDECL.OBJ

Syntax

Main Clause: Igitur extruxerunt filii Gad records the building activity of the tribe of Gad. filii Gad is the subject, extruxerunt is the main verb, and Igitur connects this action with the territorial grant described in the preceding verse.

Subject: filii Gad means “the sons of Gad.” The indeclinable proper name Gad specifies the tribal identity of the builders.

Direct Objects: Dibon, Ataroth, and Aroer are coordinated direct objects of extruxerunt. They name the cities that the sons of Gad built or rebuilt.

Morphology

  1. Igitur — Lemma: igitur; Part of Speech: Adverb; Form: Invariable inferential adverb; Function: Connects the building activity with the preceding territorial grant; Translation: “therefore”; Notes: It marks the construction of the cities as the consequence of the land allotment just described.
  2. extruxerunt — Lemma: extruo; Part of Speech: Verb; Form: Third person plural, perfect active indicative, third conjugation; Function: Main verb of the sentence; Translation: “they built”; Notes: The verb can mean to build up, construct, or rebuild, and here refers to the establishment or restoration of the named cities.
  3. filii — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Nominative plural masculine, second declension; Function: Subject of extruxerunt; Translation: “the sons”; Notes: It denotes the members or descendants of the tribe identified by the following proper name.
  4. Gad — Lemma: Gad; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: Indeclinable; Function: Genitival specification of filii; Translation: “of Gad”; Notes: It identifies the tribe responsible for building the cities listed in the verse.
  5. Dibon — Lemma: Dibon; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: Indeclinable, functioning as accusative singular; Function: Direct object of extruxerunt; Translation: “Dibon”; Notes: It names the first city in the series built or restored by the sons of Gad.
  6. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: Conjunction; Form: Invariable coordinating conjunction; Function: Connects Dibon and Ataroth; Translation: “and”; Notes: It joins the city names in the coordinated list of direct objects.
  7. Ataroth — Lemma: Ataroth; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: Indeclinable, functioning as accusative singular; Function: Direct object of extruxerunt; Translation: “Ataroth”; Notes: It names the second city in the list of places built or restored by Gad.
  8. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: Conjunction; Form: Invariable coordinating conjunction; Function: Connects Ataroth and Aroer; Translation: “and”; Notes: It introduces the final city named in this verse.
  9. Aroer — Lemma: Aroer; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: Indeclinable, functioning as accusative singular; Function: Direct object of extruxerunt; Translation: “Aroer”; Notes: It names the third city in the sequence built or restored by the sons of Gad.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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