Exodus 9:19

^{Ex 9:19} Mitte ergo iam nunc, et congrega iumenta tua, et omnia quæ habes in agro: homines enim, et iumenta, et universa quæ inventa fuerint foris, nec congregata de agris, cecideritque super ea grando, morientur.

Therefore send now, and gather your cattle and all that you have in the field; for men and cattle and all things that shall be found outside and not gathered in from the fields, and the hail will fall upon them, they will die.”’”

Syntax

Main Commands: Mitte and congrega are coordinated imperatives addressed to Pharaoh, forming the primary directive of the sentence.
Objects of the Commands: iumenta tua and omnia quæ habes in agro function as the direct objects of congrega, specifying what must be gathered in from the field.
Relative Clause 1: quæ habes in agro further defines omnia, indicating that all possessions currently in the field are included in the command.
Subject Group of Threat: homines enim et iumenta et universa quæ inventa fuerint foris nec congregata de agris is a coordinated series of subjects for the future actions, encompassing humans, animals, and every other exposed thing.
Relative Clause 2: quæ inventa fuerint foris modifies universa, restricting the reference to things found outside.
Participial Phrase: nec congregata de agris provides an additional condition, describing those not gathered in from the fields and thus left vulnerable.
Result/Temporal Clause: cecideritque super ea grando presents the anticipated event of hail falling upon them, using a future perfect to underline certainty and completion of the act before the final consequence.
Final Consequence: morientur summarizes the outcome for the entire subject group, expressing their death as the inevitable result of remaining exposed.

Morphology

1. Mitte — Lemma: mitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active imperative second person singular; Function: main command addressed to Pharaoh; Translation: “send”; Notes: imperative form urging immediate action in response to the announced plague.
2. ergo — Lemma: ergo; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating inferential conjunction; Function: introduces a logical consequence from the prior warning; Translation: “therefore”; Notes: marks this verse as the practical conclusion to the preceding divine threat.
3. iam — Lemma: iam; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: temporal adverb; Function: intensifies the urgency of the command; Translation: “now”; Notes: used with nunc to emphasize that the action must not be delayed.
4. nunc — Lemma: nunc; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: temporal adverb; Function: specifies the present moment as the time of action; Translation: “now”; Notes: paired with iam to give a strong sense of immediacy.
5. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: links the two imperatives mitte and congrega; Translation: “and”; Notes: signals that both sending and gathering are required responses.
6. congrega — Lemma: congrego; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active imperative second person singular; Function: command instructing Pharaoh to collect what is in the field; Translation: “gather”; Notes: parallel imperative to mitte, focusing on protective action.
7. iumenta — Lemma: iumentum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: direct object of congrega; Translation: “cattle”; Notes: refers to draft and work animals whose protection will lessen the economic damage of the plague.
8. tua — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative plural neuter agreeing with iumenta; Function: possessive modifier of iumenta; Translation: “your”; Notes: underscores Pharaoh’s personal interest in obeying the command.
9. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: joins iumenta tua with omnia as further objects of congrega; Translation: “and”; Notes: broadens the scope beyond animals to all other possessions.
10. omnia — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective/pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: direct object of congrega, further described by the relative clause; Translation: “all things”; Notes: deliberately sweeping term, ensuring nothing in the field is excluded.
11. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: introduces a relative clause modifying omnia; Translation: “which”; Notes: binds the possession and location information closely to omnia.
12. habes — Lemma: habeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative second person singular; Function: verb of possession within the relative clause; Translation: “you have”; Notes: directly attributes the field possessions to Pharaoh, heightening responsibility.
13. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the ablative; Function: marks the location of the possessions; Translation: “in”; Notes: used here in a strictly locative sense.
14. agro — Lemma: ager; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular masculine; Function: object of the preposition in; Translation: “field”; Notes: denotes open land outside the protection of buildings.
15. homines — Lemma: homo; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: first element in the coordinated subject of morientur; Translation: “men”; Notes: emphasizes that human life as well as property is at risk.
16. enim — Lemma: enim; Part of Speech: conjunction/particle; Form: postpositive explanatory conjunction; Function: introduces a clause giving the reason for the urgent commands; Translation: “for”; Notes: clarifies the logic of divine mercy in giving prior warning.
17. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: connects homines with iumenta in the subject list; Translation: “and”; Notes: binds humans and animals together as equally threatened.
18. iumenta — Lemma: iumentum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: second element in the coordinated subject of morientur; Translation: “cattle”; Notes: here as subject, not object, showing their exposure to the hail.
19. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: links iumenta with universa in the same subject chain; Translation: “and”; Notes: continues the cumulative listing of all at risk.
20. universa — Lemma: universus; Part of Speech: adjective/pronoun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: third element in the collective subject of morientur; Translation: “all things”; Notes: strongly inclusive term, anticipating the relative clause that follows.
21. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: introduces a relative clause specifying universa; Translation: “which”; Notes: grammatically agrees with universa and controls the verb phrase inventa fuerint.
22. inventa — Lemma: invenio; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative plural neuter perfect passive participle; Function: part of a periphrastic passive construction describing the state of universa; Translation: “found”; Notes: stresses their situation as already discovered outside when the hail arrives.
23. fuerint — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: future perfect active indicative third person plural; Function: auxiliary in the future perfect passive periphrasis with inventa; Translation: “shall have been”; Notes: presents the finding as completed prior to the hail’s impact.
24. foris — Lemma: foris; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: adverb of place; Function: locative modifier of inventa fuerint; Translation: “outside”; Notes: contrasts sharply with the safety implied by being gathered indoors.
25. nec — Lemma: nec; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating negative conjunction; Function: links an additional negative circumstance to the previous description; Translation: “and not”; Notes: adds another condition that increases the danger: failure to be gathered.
26. congregata — Lemma: congrego; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative plural neuter perfect passive participle; Function: participle in a passive sense describing universa as “not gathered in”; Translation: “gathered”; Notes: negated by nec, highlighting negligence or disobedience.
27. de — Lemma: de; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the ablative; Function: introduces the source from which things should have been removed; Translation: “from”; Notes: expresses separation out of the dangerous location.
28. agris — Lemma: ager; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural masculine; Function: object of the preposition de; Translation: “fields”; Notes: generalizes the threat to all cultivated and open lands.
29. cecideritque — Lemma: cado; Part of Speech: verb; Form: future perfect active indicative third person singular with enclitic -que; Function: verb of the result clause describing the hail’s fall; Translation: “and will have fallen”; Notes: future perfect portrays the fall of the hail as a completed act prior to the final outcome.
30. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the accusative; Function: indicates the direction of the hail’s impact; Translation: “upon”; Notes: spatial preposition marking the objects as targets.
31. ea — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: object of the preposition super referring back to homines, iumenta, universa; Translation: “them”; Notes: collectively gathers the entire exposed group into a single pronoun.
32. grando — Lemma: grando; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular feminine; Function: subject of ceciderit; Translation: “hail”; Notes: designates the specific plague threatening destruction.
33. morientur — Lemma: morior; Part of Speech: verb (deponent); Form: future indicative third person plural; Function: main verb expressing the final consequence for the subject group; Translation: “they will die”; Notes: solemn prediction of death that concludes the warning and underscores the gravity of ignoring it.