Exodus 9:22

Posted on February 28, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 9:22 Et dixit Dominus ad Moysen: Extende manum tuam in cælum, ut fiat grando in universa Terra Ægypti super homines, et super iumenta, et super omnem herbam agri in Terra Ægypti.

And the LORD said to Moyses: “Stretch out your hand toward heaven so that there may be hail in all the Land of Egypt over men and over cattle and over every herb of the field in the Land of Egypt.”

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Et and CONJ
2 dixit said V.IND.PERF.ACT.3SG
3 Dominus the LORD N.MASC.SG.NOM
4 ad to PREP+ACC
5 Moysen Moses N.MASC.SG.ACC
6 Extende stretch out V.IMP.PRES.ACT.2SG
7 manum hand N.FEM.SG.ACC
8 tuam your ADJ.POSS.FEM.SG.ACC
9 in toward PREP+ACC
10 cælum heaven N.NEUT.SG.ACC
11 ut so that CONJ.PURPOSE
12 fiat may be V.SUBJ.PRES.ACT.3SG
13 grando hail N.FEM.SG.NOM
14 in in PREP+ABL
15 universa all ADJ.FEM.SG.ABL
16 Terra land N.FEM.SG.ABL
17 Ægypti of Egypt N.FEM.SG.GEN
18 super over PREP+ACC
19 homines men N.MASC.PL.ACC
20 et and CONJ
21 super over PREP+ACC
22 iumenta cattle N.NEUT.PL.ACC
23 et and CONJ
24 super over PREP+ACC
25 omnem every ADJ.FEM.SG.ACC
26 herbam herb N.FEM.SG.ACC
27 agri of the field N.MASC.SG.GEN
28 in in PREP+ABL
29 Terra land N.FEM.SG.ABL
30 Ægypti of Egypt N.FEM.SG.GEN

Syntax

Main Narrative Clause: Et dixit Dominus ad Moysen — “And the LORD said to Moses,” introducing direct speech from the divine speaker to Moses as addressee.
Imperative Clause: Extende manum tuam in cælum — a direct command whose subject is understood “you” (Moses), with manum tuam as the object and in cælum expressing the direction of the gesture.
Purpose Clause: ut fiat grando — introduced by ut with the subjunctive fiat, indicating the intended result “that there may be hail.”
Locative Phrase (Extent): in universa Terra Ægypti — specifies that the hail is to occur “in all the land of Egypt,” with universa intensifying the total extent.
Series of Targets: super homines, et super iumenta, et super omnem herbam agri — three parallel prepositional phrases marking humans, cattle, and vegetation as the objects over which the hail will break.
Final Locative Phrase: in Terra Ægypti — repeats and reinforces the geographic frame, enclosing the entire description within the territory of Egypt.

Morphology

  1. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: links this sentence to the preceding narrative; Translation: “and”; Notes: typical narrative connective mirroring Hebrew waw-consecutive style.
  2. dixit — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third person singular; Function: main finite verb of the narrative clause; Translation: “said”; Notes: perfect tense presents the speech event as a completed act in the storyline.
  3. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of dixit; Translation: “the LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH and thus is translated as “the LORD” according to the project convention.
  4. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the accusative; Function: introduces the indirect object of the speech; Translation: “to”; Notes: marks direction of speaking toward a person.
  5. Moysen — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun (proper name); Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of the preposition ad; Translation: “Moses”; Notes: designates Moses as the direct recipient of the divine instruction.
  6. Extende — Lemma: extendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active imperative second person singular; Function: direct command within the reported speech; Translation: “stretch out”; Notes: imperative addresses Moses personally, signaling a ritual gesture that triggers the plague.
  7. manum — Lemma: manus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: direct object of Extende; Translation: “hand”; Notes: refers concretely to Moses’ hand and symbolically to his commissioned authority.
  8. tuam — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: accusative singular feminine agreeing with manum; Function: possessive modifier; Translation: “your”; Notes: reinforces that it is Moses’ own action and gesture that is required.
  9. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the accusative; Function: expresses direction toward which the hand is stretched; Translation: “toward”; Notes: with accusative, in carries a directional rather than purely locative nuance.
  10. cælum — Lemma: cælum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of the preposition in; Translation: “heaven”; Notes: points upward, aligning the gesture with the source of the hail.
  11. ut — Lemma: ut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: subordinating conjunction introducing a purpose clause; Function: links the command to its intended result; Translation: “so that”; Notes: standard indicator of purpose with a subjunctive verb.
  12. fiat — Lemma: fio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present subjunctive third person singular; Function: verb of the ut-clause expressing desired result; Translation: “may be”; Notes: fio functions as the passive of facio, here describing the coming-into-being of the hail.
  13. grando — Lemma: grando; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular feminine; Function: subject of fiat; Translation: “hail”; Notes: names the specific plague being invoked by Moses’ gesture.
  14. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the ablative; Function: introduces the location where the hail will occur; Translation: “in”; Notes: with ablative here, in marks place rather than direction.
  15. universa — Lemma: universus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: attributive modifier of Terra; Translation: “all”; Notes: emphasizes the totality of the territory affected.
  16. Terra — Lemma: terra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: object of the preposition in; Translation: “land”; Notes: denotes the land as a whole, not just a city or region.
  17. Ægypti — Lemma: Ægyptus; Part of Speech: noun (place name); Form: genitive singular feminine; Function: genitive modifier of Terra; Translation: “of Egypt”; Notes: specifies that the land in view is Egypt.
  18. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the accusative; Function: introduces the first group over which the hail will fall; Translation: “over”; Notes: spatial preposition marking the hail’s impact on living beings.
  19. homines — Lemma: homo; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: object of super; Translation: “men”; Notes: includes all human inhabitants exposed in the open.
  20. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: joins the first and second super-phrases; Translation: “and”; Notes: balances human and animal victims in the list.
  21. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the accusative; Function: introduces the second target group; Translation: “over”; Notes: parallel to the previous super for stylistic symmetry.
  22. iumenta — Lemma: iumentum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: object of super; Translation: “cattle”; Notes: denotes beasts of burden and livestock essential for agriculture.
  23. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: connects the second and third super-phrases; Translation: “and”; Notes: continues the cumulative listing of targets.
  24. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the accusative; Function: introduces the third target group; Translation: “over”; Notes: keeps the same prepositional structure for all affected categories.
  25. omnem — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: modifies herbam; Translation: “every”; Notes: stresses that no plant in the field is exempt.
  26. herbam — Lemma: herba; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of super; Translation: “herb”; Notes: by extension, covers crops and vegetation in general.
  27. agri — Lemma: ager; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive modifier of herbam; Translation: “of the field”; Notes: specifies the agricultural setting of the vegetation targeted.
  28. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the ablative; Function: introduces the final locative phrase; Translation: “in”; Notes: repeats the idea that all this occurs within Egypt’s territory.
  29. Terra — Lemma: terra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: object of in; Translation: “land”; Notes: resumes the earlier expression “in universa Terra Ægypti” for emphasis.
  30. Ægypti — Lemma: Ægyptus; Part of Speech: noun (place name); Form: genitive singular feminine; Function: genitive modifier of Terra; Translation: “of Egypt”; Notes: closes the verse by circling back to the same national setting mentioned before.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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