Exodus 22:12

Posted on March 13, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 22:12 Quod si furto ablatum fuerit, restituet damnum domino.

But if it has been taken away by theft, he shall restore the loss to the master.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Quod but if CONJ
2 si if CONJ
3 furto by theft NOUN.ABL.SG.N.4TH DECL
4 ablatum taken away PTCP.PERF.PASS.NOM/ACC.SG.N
5 fuerit has been 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND
6 restituet he shall restore 3SG.FUT.ACT.IND.3RD CONJ
7 damnum loss NOUN.ACC.SG.N.2ND DECL
8 domino to the master NOUN.DAT.SG.M.2ND DECL

Syntax

Conditional Frame: Quod si furto ablatum fuerit — subordinate legal condition (“but if it has been taken by theft”).
Passive Construction: ablatum fuerit — perfect passive periphrasis (“has been taken”).
Main Clause: restituet damnum domino — subject implied (the guardian), verb restituet, direct object damnum, indirect object domino.

Morphology

  1. Quod — Lemma: quod; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces conditional extension; Translation: “but if”; Notes: Vulgate idiom combining quod + si.
  2. si — Lemma: si; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: protasis marker; Translation: “if”; Notes: standard legal conditional.
  3. furto — Lemma: furtum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular neuter; Function: ablative of means; Translation: “by theft”; Notes: indicates how the loss occurred.
  4. ablatum — Lemma: aufero → ablatus; Part of Speech: participle; Form: perfect passive nominative/accusative singular neuter; Function: predicate with fuerit; Translation: “taken away”; Notes: describes the stolen item.
  5. fuerit — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future perfect active indicative; Function: auxiliary in passive periphrastic; Translation: “has been / shall have been”; Notes: typical legal tense for conditions.
  6. restituet — Lemma: restituo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future active indicative, 3rd conjugation; Function: main verb; Translation: “he shall restore”; Notes: expresses legal obligation.
  7. damnum — Lemma: damnum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “loss”; Notes: refers to monetary damage.
  8. domino — Lemma: dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “to the master”; Notes: owner of the stolen property.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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