Exodus 18:8

Posted on March 9, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 18:8 narravit Moyses cognato suo cuncta quæ fecerat Dominus Pharaoni, et Ægyptiis propter Israel: universumque laborem, qui accidisset eis in itinere, et quod liberaverat eos Dominus.

Moses related to his kinsman all that the LORD had done to Pharao and to the Egyptians on account of Israel, and all the hardship that had happened to them on the journey, and how the LORD had delivered them.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 narravit related 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
2 Moyses Moses NOUN.NOM.SG.M
3 cognato to his kinsman NOUN.DAT.SG.M
4 suo his PRON.POSS.DAT.SG.M
5 cuncta all things PRON.INDEF.ACC.PL.N
6 quæ which PRON.REL.ACC.PL.N
7 fecerat had done 3SG.PLUP.ACT.IND
8 Dominus LORD NOUN.NOM.SG.M
9 Pharaoni to Pharaoh NOUN.DAT.SG.M
10 et and CONJ
11 Ægyptiis to the Egyptians NOUN.DAT.PL.M
12 propter on account of PREP+ACC
13 Israel Israel NOUN.ACC.SG.M
14 universumque and all ADJ.ACC.SG.M + CONJ
15 laborem hardship NOUN.ACC.SG.M
16 qui which PRON.REL.NOM.SG.M
17 accidisset had happened 3SG.PLUP.ACT.SUBJ
18 eis to them PRON.PERS.DAT.PL
19 in in PREP+ABL
20 itinere the journey NOUN.ABL.SG.N
21 et and CONJ
22 quod that CONJ
23 liberaverat had delivered 3SG.PLUP.ACT.IND
24 eos them PRON.PERS.ACC.PL
25 Dominus LORD NOUN.NOM.SG.M

Syntax

Main Clause:
narravit Moyses cognato suo cuncta — perfect indicative; Moses as subject reporting all events.

Relative Clause 1:
quæ fecerat Dominus Pharaoni et Ægyptiis — pluperfect describes prior divine acts.

Prepositional Phrase:
propter Israel — expresses cause (“on account of Israel”).

Coordinated Object:
universumque laborem — “and all the hardship.”

Relative Clause 2:
qui accidisset eis in itinere — pluperfect subjunctive after qui describing past difficulty encountered.

Clause of Result/Content:
et quod liberaverat eos Dominus — “and that the LORD had delivered them.”

Morphology

  1. narravit — Lemma: narro; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main verb; Translation: related; Notes: narrative perfect.
  2. Moyses — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: Moses; Notes: proper name.
  3. cognato — Lemma: cognatus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: to his kinsman; Notes: refers to Jethro.
  4. suo — Lemma: suus; Part of Speech: possessive pronoun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: modifies cognato; Translation: his; Notes: reflexive to Moses.
  5. cuncta — Lemma: cunctus; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: all things; Notes: totality of acts.
  6. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: introduces first relative clause; Translation: which; Notes: refers to divine acts.
  7. fecerat — Lemma: facio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: pluperfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: verb of relative clause; Translation: had done; Notes: prior divine interventions.
  8. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of fecerat; Translation: LORD; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  9. Pharaoni — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: to Pharaoh; Notes: affected party.
  10. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: links objects; Translation: and; Notes: coordination.
  11. Ægyptiis — Lemma: Ægyptius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative plural masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: to the Egyptians; Notes: additional recipients of judgment.
  12. propter — Lemma: propter; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses cause; Translation: on account of; Notes: causal relation.
  13. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of propter; Translation: Israel; Notes: covenant people.
  14. universumque — Lemma: universus + que; Part of Speech: adjective + conjunction; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: modifies laborem; Translation: and all; Notes: enclitic -que.
  15. laborem — Lemma: labor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: coordinated direct object; Translation: hardship; Notes: trials on the journey.
  16. qui — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: introduces second relative clause; Translation: which; Notes: refers to labor.
  17. accidisset — Lemma: accido; Part of Speech: verb; Form: pluperfect active subjunctive 3rd singular; Function: verb of relative clause; Translation: had happened; Notes: subjunctive for descriptive nuance.
  18. eis — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: dative plural; Function: indirect object; Translation: to them; Notes: refers to Israel.
  19. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: locative; Translation: in; Notes: describes place of hardship.
  20. itinere — Lemma: iter; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular neuter; Function: object of in; Translation: journey; Notes: wilderness march.
  21. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: adds another clause; Translation: and; Notes: coordination.
  22. quod — Lemma: quod; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: introduces content clause; Translation: that; Notes: substantive clause.
  23. liberaverat — Lemma: libero; Part of Speech: verb; Form: pluperfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: verb of clause; Translation: had delivered; Notes: divine rescue.
  24. eos — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: personal pronoun; Form: accusative plural; Function: direct object; Translation: them; Notes: refers to Israel.
  25. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: LORD; Notes: YHWH as deliverer.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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