Leviticus 19:19

Posted on April 19, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

19 Leges meas custodite. Iumentum tuum non facies coire cum alterius generis animantibus. Agrum tuum non seres diverso semine. Veste, quæ ex duobus texta est, non indueris.

Keep my statutes. You shall not cause your animal to mate with creatures of another kind. You shall not sow your field with mixed seed. Garment, which out of two is woven, you shall not wear.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Leges laws / statutes ACC.PL.F 3RD DECL NOUN
2 meas my ACC.PL.F POSS.ADJ
3 custodite keep 2PL.PRES.ACT.IMP.MOOD
4 Iumentum beast of burden ACC.SG.N 2ND DECL NOUN
5 tuum your ACC.SG.N POSS.ADJ
6 non not ADV
7 facies you shall make 2SG.FUT.ACT.IND
8 coire to mate INF.PRES.ACT
9 cum with PREP+ABL
10 alterius of another GEN.SG.C ADJ
11 generis kind GEN.SG.N 3RD DECL NOUN
12 animantibus living creatures ABL.PL.C 3RD DECL NOUN
13 Agrum field ACC.SG.M 2ND DECL NOUN
14 tuum your ACC.SG.M POSS.ADJ
15 non not ADV
16 seres you shall sow 2SG.FUT.ACT.IND
17 diverso different ABL.SG.N POS ADJ
18 semine seed ABL.SG.N 3RD DECL NOUN
19 Veste garment ABL.SG.F 3RD DECL NOUN
20 quæ which NOM.SG.F REL.PRON
21 ex from PREP+ABL
22 duobus two ABL.PL.C NUM
23 texta woven NOM.SG.F PERF.PTCP.PASS
24 est is 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
25 non not ADV
26 inderis you shall wear 2SG.FUT.DEP.IND

Syntax

Opening Command: Leges meas custodite (accusative object + plural imperative)

Prohibition 1: Iumentum tuum non facies coire (future indicative with complementary infinitive)

Specification: cum alterius generis animantibus (prepositional phrase with genitive of kind)

Prohibition 2: Agrum tuum non seres (future indicative expressing legal ban)

Instrument Phrase: diverso semine (ablative of means)

Prohibition 3: Veste … non indueris (ablative of respect with deponent future)

Relative Clause: quæ ex duobus texta est (defines the garment by composition)

Morphology

  1. Leges — Lemma: lex; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine plural third declension; Function: direct object; Translation: laws / statutes; Notes: refers to binding covenant regulations.
  2. meas — Lemma: meus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: accusative feminine plural; Function: modifies leges; Translation: my; Notes: marks divine ownership.
  3. custodite — Lemma: custodio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person plural present imperative active; Function: primary command; Translation: keep; Notes: plural imperative addresses the whole community.
  4. Iumentum — Lemma: iumentum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative neuter singular second declension; Function: object of facies; Translation: beast of burden; Notes: domestic working animal.
  5. tuum — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: accusative neuter singular; Function: modifies iumentum; Translation: your; Notes: personal responsibility emphasized.
  6. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: negation; Function: negates the verb; Translation: not; Notes: standard legal negator.
  7. facies — Lemma: facio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular future indicative active; Function: prohibitive command; Translation: you shall make; Notes: future indicative with prescriptive force.
  8. coire — Lemma: coeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active infinitive; Function: complementary infinitive; Translation: to mate; Notes: denotes sexual union of animals.
  9. cum — Lemma: cum; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing the ablative; Function: expresses association; Translation: with; Notes: standard comitative usage.
  10. alterius — Lemma: alter; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: genitive singular common; Function: modifies generis; Translation: of another; Notes: stresses difference in kind.
  11. generis — Lemma: genus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive neuter singular third declension; Function: genitive of classification; Translation: kind; Notes: category or species.
  12. animantibus — Lemma: animans; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural common third declension; Function: object of cum; Translation: living creatures; Notes: broad biological term.
  13. Agrum — Lemma: ager; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine singular second declension; Function: direct object; Translation: field; Notes: cultivated land.
  14. tuum — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: modifies agrum; Translation: your; Notes: ownership specified.
  15. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: negation; Function: negates seres; Translation: not; Notes: repetition marks a new prohibition.
  16. seres — Lemma: sero; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular future indicative active; Function: prohibition; Translation: you shall sow; Notes: future indicative used legally.
  17. diverso — Lemma: diversus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: ablative neuter singular positive degree; Function: modifies semine; Translation: different; Notes: implies mixture of kinds.
  18. semine — Lemma: semen; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative neuter singular third declension; Function: ablative of means; Translation: seed; Notes: agricultural input.
  19. Veste — Lemma: vestis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative feminine singular third declension; Function: ablative of respect; Translation: garment; Notes: clothing in view.
  20. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative feminine singular; Function: subject of the relative clause; Translation: which; Notes: introduces defining clause.
  21. ex — Lemma: ex; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing the ablative; Function: indicates source; Translation: from; Notes: composition marker.
  22. duobus — Lemma: duo; Part of Speech: numeral; Form: ablative plural common; Function: object of ex; Translation: two; Notes: number of materials.
  23. texta — Lemma: texo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative feminine singular perfect passive; Function: predicate participle; Translation: woven; Notes: describes manufacture.
  24. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present indicative active; Function: copula; Translation: is; Notes: completes the relative clause.
  25. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: negation; Function: negates inderis; Translation: not; Notes: final prohibition marker.
  26. inderis — Lemma: induor; Part of Speech: verb (deponent); Form: second person singular future indicative deponent; Function: prohibitive command; Translation: you shall wear; Notes: deponent form with active meaning.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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