Exodus 14:8

Posted on March 5, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 14:8 Induravitque Dominus cor Pharaonis regis Ægypti, et persecutus est filios Israel: at illi egressi sunt in manu excelsa.

And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharao king of Egypt, and he pursued the sons of Israel; but they went out with a high hand.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Induravitque and hardened 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND + ENCLITIC -QUE
2 Dominus the LORD NOUN.NOM.SG.M
3 cor heart NOUN.ACC.SG.N
4 Pharaonis of Pharaoh NOUN.GEN.SG.M
5 regis king NOUN.GEN.SG.M
6 Ægypti of Egypt NOUN.GEN.SG.F
7 et and CONJ
8 persecutus having pursued PART.PERF.DEP.NOM.SG.M
9 est was 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND (AUX)
10 filios sons NOUN.ACC.PL.M
11 Israel Israel NOUN.ACC.SG.M (INDECL.)
12 at but CONJ
13 illi they PRON.NOM.PL.M
14 egressi having gone out PART.PERF.DEP.NOM.PL.M
15 sunt were 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND (AUX)
16 in in PREP+ABL
17 manu hand NOUN.ABL.SG.F
18 excelsa high ADJ.ABL.SG.F

Syntax

Main clause 1: Induravitque Dominus cor Pharaonis regis Ægypti — subject Dominus, verb Induravitque, object cor with genitives modifying it.
Coordinated clause: et persecutus est filios Israel — deponent perfect with auxiliary est; direct object filios Israel.
Adversative clause: at illi egressi sunt — subject illi, verb in deponent perfect;
Phrase: in manu excelsa — ablative of manner, “with a high hand.”

Morphology

  1. Induravitque — Lemma: induro; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular + enclitic -que; Function: main verb; Translation: “and hardened”; Notes: enclitic -que connects with following action.
  2. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “the LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  3. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “heart”; Notes: figurative expression for will or resolve.
  4. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: dependent genitive; Translation: “of Pharaoh”; Notes: identifies whose heart.
  5. regis — Lemma: rex; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: appositive genitive to Pharaonis; Translation: “king”; Notes: clarifies Pharaoh’s title.
  6. Ægypti — Lemma: Ægyptus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular feminine; Function: dependent genitive; Translation: “of Egypt”; Notes: specifies sovereignty.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links verbs; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple additive coordination.
  8. persecutus — Lemma: persequor; Part of Speech: deponent participle; Form: perfect participle nominative singular masculine; Function: part of periphrastic perfect; Translation: “having pursued”; Notes: deponent morphology with active meaning.
  9. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb (auxiliary); Form: present active indicative third singular; Function: completes deponent perfect; Translation: “was”; Notes: auxiliary for deponent perfect.
  10. filios — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “sons”; Notes: collective term for Israelites.
  11. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: accusative singular masculine (indeclinable); Function: modifies filios; Translation: “Israel”; Notes: Hebrew indeclinable name.
  12. at — Lemma: at; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: adversative connector; Translation: “but”; Notes: marks contrast.
  13. illi — Lemma: ille; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “they”; Notes: refers to the Israelites.
  14. egressi — Lemma: egredior; Part of Speech: deponent participle; Form: perfect participle nominative plural masculine; Function: part of deponent perfect; Translation: “having gone out”; Notes: expresses completed exodus.
  15. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb (auxiliary); Form: present active indicative third plural; Function: completes deponent perfect; Translation: “were”; Notes: auxiliary for deponent perfect.
  16. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: introduces ablative of manner; Translation: “in”; Notes: expresses manner or circumstance.
  17. manu — Lemma: manus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: object of in; Translation: “hand”; Notes: metaphorical: strength or power.
  18. excelsa — Lemma: excelsus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: modifies manu; Translation: “high”; Notes: denotes boldness and triumph.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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