Exodus 17:10

Posted on March 8, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 17:10 Fecit Iosue ut locutus erat Moyses, et pugnavit contra Amalec: Moyses autem et Aaron, et Hur ascenderunt super verticem collis.

And Josue did as Moyses had spoken, and fought against Amalec; but Moyses and Aaron and Hur went up upon the top of the hill.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Fecit did 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
2 Iosue Joshua NOUN.NOM.SG.M
3 ut as CONJ
4 locutus spoken PTCP.PERF.DEP.NOM.SG.M
5 erat had been 3SG.IMP.ACT.IND
6 Moyses Moses NOUN.NOM.SG.M
7 et and CONJ
8 pugnavit fought 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
9 contra against PREP+ACC
10 Amalec Amalek NOUN.INDECL
11 Moyses Moses NOUN.NOM.SG.M
12 autem but CONJ
13 et and CONJ
14 Aaron Aaron NOUN.NOM.SG.M
15 et and CONJ
16 Hur Hur NOUN.NOM.SG.M
17 ascenderunt went up 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
18 super upon PREP+ACC
19 verticem top NOUN.ACC.SG.M
20 collis of the hill NOUN.GEN.SG.M

Syntax

Initial Clause: Fecit Iosue ut locutus erat Moyses — Joshua obeys as Moses had spoken; ut introduces a comparative clause.
Main Narrative Clause: et pugnavit contra Amalec — perfect verb of completed battle action.
Adversative Clause: Moyses autem et Aaron et Hur ascenderunt — contrast with battlefield activity.
Locative Phrase: super verticem collis — specifies elevated vantage point.

Morphology

  1. Fecit — Lemma: facio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main narrative verb; Translation: did; Notes: marks completed obedience.
  2. Iosue — Lemma: Iosue; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: Joshua; Notes: Hebrew proper name.
  3. ut — Lemma: ut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: comparative (“as”); Translation: as; Notes: expresses conformity to a prior statement.
  4. locutus — Lemma: loquor; Part of Speech: participle; Form: perfect deponent participle nominative singular masculine; Function: describes Moses’ prior speech; Translation: spoken; Notes: agrees with Moyses.
  5. erat — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: imperfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: auxiliary in pluperfect sense; Translation: had been; Notes: gives temporal background.
  6. Moyses — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of locutus erat; Translation: Moses; Notes: repeated for clarity.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: connects clauses; Translation: and; Notes: sequential marker.
  8. pugnavit — Lemma: pugno; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd singular; Function: main action; Translation: fought; Notes: summarizes battlefield engagement.
  9. contra — Lemma: contra; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses opposition; Translation: against; Notes: used frequently in military contexts.
  10. Amalec — Lemma: Amalec; Part of Speech: noun; Form: indeclinable; Function: object of contra; Translation: Amalek; Notes: enemy nation name.
  11. Moyses — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of ascenderunt; Translation: Moses; Notes: start of new contrasting clause.
  12. autem — Lemma: autem; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: mild adversative; Translation: but; Notes: contrasts battlefield action with supervisory action.
  13. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: connects subjects; Translation: and; Notes: additive.
  14. Aaron — Lemma: Aaron; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: coordinated subject; Translation: Aaron; Notes: proper name.
  15. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: adds next subject; Translation: and; Notes: coordination.
  16. Hur — Lemma: Hur; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: coordinated subject; Translation: Hur; Notes: proper name.
  17. ascenderunt — Lemma: ascendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative 3rd plural; Function: main verb of the contrasting clause; Translation: went up; Notes: perfective ascent action.
  18. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: spatial relation; Translation: upon; Notes: emphasizes elevated location.
  19. verticem — Lemma: vertex; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of super; Translation: top; Notes: elevated feature.
  20. collis — Lemma: collis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive of the whole; Translation: of the hill; Notes: specifies which top.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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