Leviticus 11:9

Posted on April 11, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 11:9 Hæc sunt quæ gignuntur in aquis, et vesci licitum est. Omne quod habet pinnulas et squamas, tam in mari quam in fluminibus et stagnis, comedetis.

These are the things that are produced in the waters, and it is permitted to eat them. Everything that has fins and scales, both in the sea and in rivers and ponds, you shall eat.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Hæc these NOM.PL.N
2 sunt are 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
3 quæ which REL.NOM.PL.N
4 gignuntur are produced 3PL.PRES.PASS.IND
5 in in PREP+ABL
6 aquis waters ABL.PL.F
7 et and CONJ
8 vesci to eat INF.DEP
9 licitum permitted NOM.SG.N
10 est is 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
11 Omne everything NOM.SG.N
12 quod which REL.NOM.SG.N
13 habet has 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
14 pinnulas fins ACC.PL.F
15 et and CONJ
16 squamas scales ACC.PL.F
17 tam both ADV
18 in in PREP+ABL
19 mari sea ABL.SG.N
20 quam and CONJ
21 in in PREP+ABL
22 fluminibus rivers ABL.PL.N
23 et and CONJ
24 stagnis ponds ABL.PL.N
25 comedetis you shall eat 2PL.FUT.ACT.IND

Syntax

Identification Clause: Hæc sunt quæ gignuntur in aquis — definition of the permitted aquatic category
Permission Formula: vesci licitum est — impersonal construction expressing allowance
Universal Subject: Omne quod habet pinnulas et squamas — comprehensive criterion
Domain Expansion: tam in mari quam in fluminibus et stagnis — exhaustive aquatic environments
Main Directive: comedetis — permissive command

Morphology

  1. Hæc — Lemma: hic; Part of Speech: demonstrative pronoun; Form: nominative neuter plural; Function: subject; Translation: these; Notes: Introduces a defined class.
  2. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural present active indicative; Function: copula; Translation: are; Notes: Links subject and predicate.
  3. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative neuter plural; Function: subject of relative clause; Translation: which; Notes: Refers back to Hæc.
  4. gignuntur — Lemma: gigno; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural present passive indicative; Function: predicate of relative clause; Translation: are produced; Notes: Describes natural origin.
  5. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: location; Translation: in; Notes: Spatial domain.
  6. aquis — Lemma: aqua; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative feminine plural; Function: object of in; Translation: waters; Notes: Aquatic setting.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Links clauses.
  8. vesci — Lemma: vescor; Part of Speech: deponent verb infinitive; Form: present infinitive; Function: complementary infinitive; Translation: to eat; Notes: Governs the notion of consumption.
  9. licitum — Lemma: licitus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: nominative neuter singular; Function: predicate adjective; Translation: permitted; Notes: Legal allowance.
  10. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present active indicative; Function: copula; Translation: is; Notes: Completes impersonal construction.
  11. Omne — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective used substantively; Form: nominative neuter singular; Function: subject; Translation: everything; Notes: Establishes total scope.
  12. quod — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative neuter singular; Function: subject of relative clause; Translation: which; Notes: Refers to Omne.
  13. habet — Lemma: habeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present active indicative; Function: predicate; Translation: has; Notes: Possession of features.
  14. pinnulas — Lemma: pinnula; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine plural; Function: direct object; Translation: fins; Notes: Aquatic criterion.
  15. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Joins features.
  16. squamas — Lemma: squama; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine plural; Function: direct object; Translation: scales; Notes: Second required feature.
  17. tam — Lemma: tam; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: invariable; Function: correlative; Translation: both; Notes: Paired with quam.
  18. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: location; Translation: in; Notes: Introduces first environment.
  19. mari — Lemma: mare; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative neuter singular; Function: object of in; Translation: sea; Notes: Marine context.
  20. quam — Lemma: quam; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: correlative; Translation: and; Notes: Completes tam…quam pair.
  21. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: location; Translation: in; Notes: Introduces second environment.
  22. fluminibus — Lemma: flumen; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative neuter plural; Function: object of in; Translation: rivers; Notes: Flowing waters.
  23. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Adds another environment.
  24. stagnis — Lemma: stagnum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative neuter plural; Function: object of in; Translation: ponds; Notes: Standing waters.
  25. comedetis — Lemma: comedo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person plural future active indicative; Function: main verb; Translation: you shall eat; Notes: Permissive directive.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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