Exodus 21:1

Posted on March 12, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 21:1 Hæc sunt iudicia quæ propones eis.

These are the judgments that you will set before them.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Hæc these DEM.NOM.PL.N
2 sunt are 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
3 iudicia judgments NOUN.NOM.PL.N.3RD DECL
4 quæ which REL.NOM.PL.N
5 propones you will set forth 2SG.FUT.ACT.IND.3RD CONJ
6 eis to them PRON.DAT.PL.M/F/N.PERS

Syntax

Main Clause: Hæc (Subject) + sunt (Verb) + iudicia (Predicate Noun)
Relative Clause: quæ (Relative Pronoun, Subject) + propones (Verb) + eis (Indirect Object)
Function: The relative clause modifies iudicia and specifies which judgments are meant.

Morphology

  1. Hæc — Lemma: hic; Part of Speech: demonstrative pronoun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: subject; Translation: “these”; Notes: Refers to the following noun iudicia.
  2. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person plural present active indicative; Function: main verb; Translation: “are”; Notes: Links subject Hæc to predicate noun.
  3. iudicia — Lemma: iudicium; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural neuter, 2nd declension; Function: predicate nominative; Translation: “judgments”; Notes: Core noun explained by the relative clause.
  4. quæ — Lemma: qui, quæ, quod; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: subject of the relative clause; Translation: “which”; Notes: Agrees with iudicia.
  5. propones — Lemma: propono; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 2nd person singular future active indicative, 3rd conjugation; Function: verb of the relative clause; Translation: “you will set forth”; Notes: Future sense matches instructional context.
  6. eis — Lemma: is, ea, id; Part of Speech: personal pronoun; Form: dative plural; Function: indirect object; Translation: “to them”; Notes: Refers to the people receiving the judgments.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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