Exodus 9:25

^{Ex 9:25} Et percussit grando in omni Terra Ægypti cuncta quæ fuerunt in agris, ab homine usque ad iumentum: cunctamque herbam agri percussit grando, et omne lignum regionis confregit.

And the hail struck in all the Land of Egypt all the things that were in the fields, from man even to cattle, and the hail struck all the herb of the field, and every tree of the region it broke.

Syntax

Main Clause 1: Et percussit grando — grando is the subject, and percussit is the main finite verb describing the hail’s destructive action.
Locative Frame: in omni Terra Ægypti — the preposition in with ablative omni Terra Ægypti specifies the place of the devastation, “in all the land of Egypt.”
Object, defined by a relative clause: cuncta quæ fuerunt in agris — cuncta is the direct object of percussit, and quæ fuerunt in agris is a relative clause identifying these “all things” as those that “were in the fields.”
Range Phrase: ab homine usque ad iumentum — a correlative expression marking an inclusive span “from man even to cattle,” showing that all living beings in the open are encompassed.
Main Clause 2: cunctamque herbam agri percussit grando — again grando is the subject and percussit the verb, with cunctam herbam agri (“all the herb of the field”) as the direct object; the order places the object first for emphasis and repeats grando later.
Main Clause 3: et omne lignum regionis confregit — confregit is the main verb “broke,” with omne lignum regionis (“every tree of the region”) as its direct object, extending the devastation from crops to trees.
Overall Structure: three closely linked clauses accumulate the picture: hail strikes all beings in the fields, all vegetation of the field, and finally every tree of the region, forming a totalizing description of ruin.

Morphology

1. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: links this sentence to the preceding narrative; Translation: “and”; Notes: typical narrative connector continuing the description of the plague.
2. percussit — Lemma: percutio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third person singular; Function: main finite verb of the first clause; Translation: “struck”; Notes: the perfect tense presents the hail’s blow as a completed, decisive action.
3. grando — Lemma: grando; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular feminine; Function: subject of percussit; Translation: “hail”; Notes: personified as the active agent of destruction throughout the verse.
4. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the ablative; Function: introduces the locative phrase; Translation: “in”; Notes: with the ablative it marks stable location rather than motion.
5. omni — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: attributive adjective modifying Terra; Translation: “all”; Notes: stresses that no part of the land is excluded.
6. Terra — Lemma: terra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: object of the preposition in; Translation: “land”; Notes: refers to the land as a territorial whole rather than a single locality.
7. Ægypti — Lemma: Ægyptus; Part of Speech: noun (place name); Form: genitive singular feminine; Function: genitive modifier of Terra; Translation: “of Egypt”; Notes: specifies that the land in question is Egypt.
8. cuncta — Lemma: cunctus; Part of Speech: adjective used substantively; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: direct object of percussit; Translation: “all things”; Notes: summarizes everything affected before the relative clause defines it further.
9. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: subject of fuerunt; Translation: “which”; Notes: refers back to cuncta, restricting it to things located in the fields.
10. fuerunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third person plural; Function: verb of the relative clause quæ fuerunt in agris; Translation: “were”; Notes: describes the prior presence of these things in the fields at the time of the hail.
11. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the ablative; Function: introduces the location of the things described in the relative clause; Translation: “in”; Notes: again locative, now focused specifically on the fields.
12. agris — Lemma: ager; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural masculine; Function: object of the preposition in; Translation: “fields”; Notes: open agricultural areas exposed to the storm.
13. ab — Lemma: ab; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the ablative; Function: introduces the starting point of a range; Translation: “from”; Notes: used here with usque ad to form an inclusive span.
14. homine — Lemma: homo; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular masculine; Function: object of ab; Translation: “man”; Notes: marks human beings as one end of the range of victims.
15. usque — Lemma: usque; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: adverb; Function: forms a correlative expression with ad, extending the range; Translation: “even to”; Notes: emphasizes continuity from one extreme of the range to the other.
16. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: preposition governing the accusative; Function: marks the endpoint of the range; Translation: “to”; Notes: combined with usque for “as far as to.”
17. iumentum — Lemma: iumentum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of the preposition ad; Translation: “cattle” or “beast of burden”; Notes: represents livestock as the other end of the inclusive range.
18. cunctamque — Lemma: cunctus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular feminine with enclitic -que; Function: attributive modifier of herbam and connector to the previous clause; Translation: “and all”; Notes: shifts focus from living beings to vegetation while still linking to the earlier destruction.
19. herbam — Lemma: herba; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: direct object (of the later percussit); Translation: “herb”; Notes: by extension includes grasses and crops of the field.
20. agri — Lemma: ager; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive modifier of herbam; Translation: “of the field”; Notes: specifies that the vegetation is the cultivated field’s growth.
21. percussit — Lemma: percutio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third person singular; Function: main verb of the second clause; Translation: “struck”; Notes: repetition of the same verb underlines the systematic nature of the devastation.
22. grando — Lemma: grando; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular feminine; Function: subject of percussit in the second clause; Translation: “hail”; Notes: again explicit as the destructive agent, even when word order postpones it.
23. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating conjunction; Function: introduces the final clause; Translation: “and”; Notes: adds a further consequence to the list of destruction.
24. omne — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: attributive modifier of lignum; Translation: “every”; Notes: underscores the exhaustive destruction of the trees.
25. lignum — Lemma: lignum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object of confregit; Translation: “tree”; Notes: here used for standing timber or trees of the region.
26. regionis — Lemma: regio; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular feminine; Function: genitive modifier of lignum; Translation: “of the region”; Notes: widens the scope from specific fields to the whole surrounding area.
27. confregit — Lemma: confringo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third person singular; Function: main verb of the final clause; Translation: “broke”; Notes: emphasizes not merely damage but the complete breaking of the trees.