Leviticus 16:22

Posted on April 16, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 16:22 Cumque portaverit hircus omnes iniquitates eorum in terram solitariam, et dimissus fuerit in deserto,

And when the goat has carried all their iniquities into a solitary land, and has been sent away in the wilderness,

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Cumque and-when CONJ
2 portaverit has-carried 3SG.PERF.SUBJ.ACT
3 hircus goat NOM.SG.M
4 omnes all ACC.PL.F
5 iniquitates iniquities ACC.PL.F
6 eorum their GEN.PL.M.PRON.POSS
7 in into PREP+ACC
8 terram land ACC.SG.F
9 solitariam solitary ACC.SG.F.ADJ
10 et and CONJ
11 dimissus having-been-sent PTCP.PERF.PASS.NOM.SG.M
12 fuerit has-been 3SG.PERF.SUBJ.ACT
13 in in PREP+ABL
14 deserto wilderness ABL.SG.N

Syntax

Temporal Clause: Cumque portaverit hircus — circumstantial clause with perfect subjunctive indicating a completed condition
Direct Object: omnes iniquitates eorum — totality of guilt borne by the goat
Directional Phrase: in terram solitariam — destination emphasizing isolation
Periphrastic Passive: dimissus fuerit — completed state of being sent away
Locative Phrase: in deserto — place of release

Morphology

  1. Cumque — Lemma: cum; Part of Speech: conjunction with enclitic; Form: temporal conjunction + -que; Function: introduces a circumstantial clause; Translation: and when; Notes: Links this action to the subsequent instruction.
  2. portaverit — Lemma: porto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular perfect subjunctive active; Function: verb of the temporal clause; Translation: has carried; Notes: Indicates the completed bearing of guilt.
  3. hircus — Lemma: hircus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative masculine singular, second declension; Function: subject; Translation: goat; Notes: The scapegoat of the rite.
  4. omnes — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative feminine plural; Function: modifies iniquitates; Translation: all; Notes: Emphasizes completeness.
  5. iniquitates — Lemma: iniquitas; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine plural, third declension; Function: direct object; Translation: iniquities; Notes: Moral offenses transferred.
  6. eorum — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: possessive pronoun; Form: genitive masculine plural; Function: modifies iniquitates; Translation: their; Notes: Refers to Israel.
  7. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing accusative; Function: motion toward; Translation: into; Notes: Directional movement.
  8. terram — Lemma: terra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative feminine singular, first declension; Function: object of in; Translation: land; Notes: Place of removal.
  9. solitariam — Lemma: solitarius; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative feminine singular; Function: modifies terram; Translation: solitary; Notes: Highlights isolation and separation.
  10. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Joins parallel actions.
  11. dimissus — Lemma: dimitto; Part of Speech: participle; Form: perfect passive participle nominative masculine singular; Function: predicate participle; Translation: having been sent away; Notes: Describes the goat’s released state.
  12. fuerit — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular perfect subjunctive active; Function: auxiliary in periphrastic construction; Translation: has been; Notes: Completes the passive sense.
  13. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing ablative; Function: location; Translation: in; Notes: Static position.
  14. deserto — Lemma: desertum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative neuter singular; Function: object of in; Translation: wilderness; Notes: Place of abandonment.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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