Leviticus 19:10

Posted on April 19, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 19:10 Neque in vinea tua racemos et grana decidentia congregabis, sed pauperibus et peregrinis carpenda dimittes. ego Dominus Deus vester.

And you shall not gather clusters in your vineyard nor fallen grains, but you shall leave them to be plucked for the poor and the sojourner. I am the LORD your God.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Neque and not / nor CONJ
2 in in PREP+ABL
3 vinea vineyard ABL.SG.F 1ST DECL NOUN
4 tua your ABL.SG.F POSS.ADJ
5 racemos clusters ACC.PL.M 2ND DECL NOUN
6 et and CONJ
7 grana grains ACC.PL.N 2ND DECL NOUN
8 decidentia fallen ACC.PL.N PRES.PTCP.ACT
9 congregabis you shall gather 2SG.FUT.ACT.IND
10 sed but CONJ
11 pauperibus to the poor DAT.PL.M 3RD DECL NOUN
12 et and CONJ
13 peregrinis to sojourners DAT.PL.M 3RD DECL NOUN
14 carpenda to be plucked ACC.PL.N GERUNDV
15 dimittes you shall leave 2SG.FUT.ACT.IND
16 ego I NOM.SG PERS.PRON
17 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M 2ND DECL NOUN
18 Deus God NOM.SG.M 2ND DECL NOUN
19 vester your NOM.SG.M POSS.ADJ

Syntax

Negative Prohibition: Neque … congregabis (coordinating negation with future indicative of prohibition)

Locative Phrase: in vinea tua (preposition with ablative indicating location)

Direct Objects: racemos and grana decidentia (accusative objects; participle modifies grana)

Adversative Turn: sed (contrast introducing obligation)

Dative of Advantage: pauperibus et peregrinis (beneficiaries)

Gerundive Obligation: carpenda (things “to be plucked”)

Main Command: dimittes (future indicative with prescriptive force)

Authority Formula: ego Dominus Deus vester (self-identification grounding the law)

Morphology

  1. Neque — Lemma: neque; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: negative coordinator; Function: links prohibitions; Translation: nor; Notes: carries cumulative negation after prior commands.
  2. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing the ablative; Function: marks location; Translation: in; Notes: standard locative usage.
  3. vinea — Lemma: vinea; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative feminine singular first declension; Function: object of in; Translation: vineyard; Notes: agricultural domain under regulation.
  4. tua — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: ablative feminine singular; Function: modifies vinea; Translation: your; Notes: personal ownership heightens responsibility.
  5. racemos — Lemma: racemus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine plural second declension; Function: direct object of congregabis; Translation: clusters; Notes: refers to grape clusters.
  6. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links objects; Translation: and; Notes: simple coordination.
  7. grana — Lemma: granum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative neuter plural second declension; Function: second direct object; Translation: grains; Notes: general term for produce kernels.
  8. decidentia — Lemma: decido; Part of Speech: participle; Form: accusative neuter plural present participle active; Function: modifies grana; Translation: falling / fallen; Notes: emphasizes produce dropped during harvest.
  9. congregabis — Lemma: congrego; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular future indicative active; Function: prohibitive command; Translation: you shall gather; Notes: future indicative used prescriptively.
  10. sed — Lemma: sed; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: adversative; Function: introduces contrast; Translation: but; Notes: pivots from prohibition to obligation.
  11. pauperibus — Lemma: pauper; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative masculine plural third declension; Function: beneficiary; Translation: to the poor; Notes: social protection embedded in law.
  12. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links beneficiaries; Translation: and; Notes: additive coordination.
  13. peregrinis — Lemma: peregrinus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative masculine plural third declension; Function: beneficiary; Translation: to sojourners; Notes: includes resident foreigners.
  14. carpenda — Lemma: carpo; Part of Speech: gerundive; Form: accusative neuter plural; Function: gerundive of obligation modifying the produce; Translation: to be plucked; Notes: expresses purpose and obligation left to others.
  15. dimittes — Lemma: dimitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular future indicative active; Function: main directive; Translation: you shall leave; Notes: mandates intentional non-collection.
  16. ego — Lemma: ego; Part of Speech: personal pronoun; Form: nominative singular; Function: subject of identification; Translation: I; Notes: emphatic self-reference.
  17. Dominus — Lemma: dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative masculine singular second declension; Function: apposition to ego; Translation: LORD; Notes: rendered in all caps for YHWH.
  18. Deus — Lemma: deus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative masculine singular second declension; Function: further apposition; Translation: God; Notes: reinforces divine authority.
  19. vester — Lemma: vester; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: nominative masculine singular; Function: modifies Deus; Translation: your; Notes: affirms covenant relationship.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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