Leviticus 19:17

Posted on April 19, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 19:17 Non oderis fratrem tuum in corde tuo, sed publice argue eum, ne habeas super illo peccatum.

You shall not hate your brother in your heart, but you shall openly rebuke him, lest you bear sin because of him.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Non not ADV
2 oderis you should hate 2SG.PRES.ACT.SUBJ
3 fratrem brother ACC.SG.M 3RD DECL NOUN
4 tuum your ACC.SG.M POSS.ADJ
5 in in PREP+ABL
6 corde heart ABL.SG.N 3RD DECL NOUN
7 tuo your ABL.SG.N POSS.ADJ
8 sed but CONJ
9 publice openly ADV
10 argue rebuke 2SG.PRES.ACT.IMP.MOOD
11 eum him ACC.SG.M PERS.PRON
12 ne lest CONJ
13 habeas you should have 2SG.PRES.ACT.SUBJ
14 super because of / upon PREP+ABL
15 illo him ABL.SG.M DEM.PRON
16 peccatum sin ACC.SG.N 2ND DECL NOUN

Syntax

Internal Prohibition: Non oderis fratrem tuum (negative jussive subjunctive; object specified)

Locative Phrase: in corde tuo (prepositional phrase expressing inner disposition)

Adversative Command: sed publice argue eum (contrastive conjunction + imperative)

Purpose / Prevention Clause: ne habeas super illo peccatum (negative purpose with subjunctive)

Morphology

  1. Non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: negation; Function: negates the jussive verb; Translation: not; Notes: standard negation introducing a moral prohibition.
  2. oderis — Lemma: odi; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular present subjunctive active; Function: jussive prohibition; Translation: you should hate; Notes: defective verb using perfect forms with present meaning.
  3. fratrem — Lemma: frater; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine singular third declension; Function: direct object of oderis; Translation: brother; Notes: denotes a fellow covenant member.
  4. tuum — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: modifies fratrem; Translation: your; Notes: emphasizes personal relationship.
  5. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing the ablative; Function: marks location; Translation: in; Notes: expresses inner sphere.
  6. corde — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative neuter singular third declension; Function: object of in; Translation: heart; Notes: center of thought and intention.
  7. tuo — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: possessive adjective; Form: ablative neuter singular; Function: modifies corde; Translation: your; Notes: personalizes inner responsibility.
  8. sed — Lemma: sed; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: adversative; Function: introduces contrast; Translation: but; Notes: pivots from inner restraint to corrective action.
  9. publice — Lemma: publice; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: manner; Function: modifies argue; Translation: openly; Notes: stresses transparency rather than secret resentment.
  10. argue — Lemma: arguo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular present imperative active; Function: positive command; Translation: rebuke; Notes: calls for corrective confrontation.
  11. eum — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: personal pronoun; Form: accusative masculine singular; Function: direct object of argue; Translation: him; Notes: refers back to the brother.
  12. ne — Lemma: ne; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: negative purpose; Function: introduces a preventive clause; Translation: lest; Notes: standard with the subjunctive.
  13. habeas — Lemma: habeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular present subjunctive active; Function: verb of the purpose clause; Translation: you should have; Notes: expresses potential moral consequence.
  14. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing the ablative; Function: expresses cause or burden; Translation: because of; Notes: indicates responsibility resting upon someone.
  15. illo — Lemma: ille; Part of Speech: demonstrative pronoun; Form: ablative masculine singular; Function: object of super; Translation: him; Notes: refers again to the brother.
  16. peccatum — Lemma: peccatum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative neuter singular second declension; Function: direct object of habeas; Translation: sin; Notes: moral guilt incurred through neglected correction.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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