Exodus 14:31

Posted on March 5, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 14:31 Et viderunt Ægyptios mortuos super littus maris, et manum magnam quam exercuerat Dominus contra eos: timuitque populus Dominum, et crediderunt Domino, et Moysi servo eius.

And they saw the Egyptians dead on the shore of the sea, and the great hand which the LORD had exercised against them, and the people feared the LORD, and they believed the LORD and Moyses his servant.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Et and CONJ
2 viderunt they saw 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
3 Ægyptios the Egyptians NOUN.ACC.PL.M
4 mortuos dead ADJ.ACC.PL.M
5 super upon PREP+ACC
6 littus shore NOUN.ACC.SG.N
7 maris of the sea NOUN.GEN.SG.N
8 et and CONJ
9 manum hand NOUN.ACC.SG.F
10 magnam great ADJ.ACC.SG.F
11 quam which PRON.ACC.SG.F
12 exercuerat had exercised 3SG.PLUP.ACT.IND
13 Dominus the LORD NOUN.NOM.SG.M
14 contra against PREP+ACC
15 eos them PRON.ACC.PL
16 timuitque and feared 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND + ENCLITIC
17 populus the people NOUN.NOM.SG.M
18 Dominum the LORD NOUN.ACC.SG.M
19 et and CONJ
20 crediderunt believed 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
21 Domino the LORD NOUN.DAT.SG.M
22 et and CONJ
23 Moysi Moses NOUN.DAT.SG.M
24 servo servant NOUN.DAT.SG.M
25 eius his PRON.GEN.SG.M/N

Syntax

First clause: Et viderunt Ægyptios mortuos super littus maris — perfect verb with compound object and locative prepositional phrase.
Second clause: et manum magnam quam exercuerat Dominus contra eos — object + relative clause with pluperfect verb.
Third clause: timuitque populus Dominum — perfect verb + nominative subject + direct object.
Fourth clause: et crediderunt Domino et Moysi servo eius — perfect verb with two coordinated indirect objects.

Morphology

  1. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links clauses; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple coordinator.
  2. viderunt — Lemma: video; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “they saw”; Notes: marks completed perception.
  3. Ægyptios — Lemma: Ægyptius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “the Egyptians”; Notes: refers to drowned army.
  4. mortuos — Lemma: mortuus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: complement to Ægyptios; Translation: “dead”; Notes: predicate adjective.
  5. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses location; Translation: “upon”; Notes: spatial meaning.
  6. littus — Lemma: littus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of super; Translation: “shore”; Notes: coastline of the Red Sea.
  7. maris — Lemma: mare; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular neuter; Function: specifies littus; Translation: “of the sea”; Notes: partitive genitive.
  8. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: adds second object; Translation: “and”; Notes: coordination.
  9. manum — Lemma: manus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of viderunt; Translation: “hand”; Notes: metaphor for power.
  10. magnam — Lemma: magnus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: modifies manum; Translation: “great”; Notes: intensifies scale of divine act.
  11. quam — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of exercuerat; Translation: “which”; Notes: refers back to manum.
  12. exercuerat — Lemma: exerceo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: pluperfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb of relative clause; Translation: “had exercised”; Notes: completed divine action.
  13. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of exercuerat; Translation: “the LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  14. contra — Lemma: contra; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses opposition; Translation: “against”; Notes: hostile direction.
  15. eos — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural; Function: object of contra; Translation: “them”; Notes: Egyptians.
  16. timuitque — Lemma: timeo + -que; Part of Speech: verb with enclitic; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “and feared”; Notes: enclitic connects event to previous clause.
  17. populus — Lemma: populus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “the people”; Notes: Israel.
  18. Dominum — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of timuit; Translation: “the LORD”; Notes: reverential fear.
  19. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: adds new clause; Translation: “and”; Notes: links actions.
  20. crediderunt — Lemma: credo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “believed”; Notes: faith response.
  21. Domino — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “the LORD”; Notes: belief directed toward YHWH.
  22. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links two indirect objects; Translation: “and”; Notes: coordination.
  23. Moysi — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “Moses”; Notes: receives belief as God’s agent.
  24. servo — Lemma: servus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: apposition; Translation: “servant”; Notes: describes Moses’ role.
  25. eius — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: genitive singular masculine/neuter; Function: possessive modifier; Translation: “his”; Notes: refers to the LORD.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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