Exodus 14:10

Posted on March 5, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 14:10 Cumque appropinquasset Pharao, levantes filii Israel oculos, viderunt Ægyptios post se: et timuerunt valde: clamaveruntque ad Dominum,

And when Pharao had drawn near, the sons of Israel, lifting up their eyes, saw the Egyptians behind them; and they feared greatly, and they cried out to the LORD,

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Cumque and when CONJ + ENCLITIC -QUE
2 appropinquasset had drawn near 3SG.PLUPERF.ACT.SUBJ
3 Pharao Pharaoh NOUN.NOM.SG.M
4 levantes lifting PART.PRES.ACT.NOM.PL.M
5 filii sons NOUN.NOM.PL.M
6 Israel Israel NOUN.GEN.SG.M (INDECL.)
7 oculos eyes NOUN.ACC.PL.M
8 viderunt they saw 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
9 Ægyptios the Egyptians NOUN.ACC.PL.M
10 post behind PREP+ACC
11 se them PRON.ACC.SG/PL
12 et and CONJ
13 timuerunt they feared 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
14 valde greatly ADV
15 clamaveruntque and they cried out 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND + ENCLITIC -QUE
16 ad to PREP+ACC
17 Dominum the LORD NOUN.ACC.SG.M

Syntax

Temporal clause: Cumque appropinquasset Pharao — temporal cum + pluperfect subjunctive.
Participial phrase: levantes filii Israel oculos — nominative subject with circumstantial participle describing simultaneous action.
Main clause: viderunt Ægyptios post se — verb + object + prepositional phrase.
Resulting reactions:
• et timuerunt valde — verb + adverb
• clamaveruntque ad Dominum — verb + prepositional phrase.

Morphology

  1. Cumque — Lemma: cum + que; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: cum + enclitic -que; Function: introduces temporal clause; Translation: “and when”; Notes: -que links to prior narrative.
  2. appropinquasset — Lemma: appropinquo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: pluperfect active subjunctive third singular; Function: verb of temporal clause; Translation: “had drawn near”; Notes: subjunctive required by temporal cum.
  3. Pharao — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of appropinquasset; Translation: “Pharaoh”; Notes: Egyptian king.
  4. levantes — Lemma: levo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: present active participle nominative plural masculine; Function: circumstantial participle; Translation: “lifting”; Notes: simultaneous action to viderunt.
  5. filii — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject of viderunt; Translation: “sons”; Notes: Israelites.
  6. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: proper noun; Form: genitive singular masculine (indeclinable); Function: dependent genitive; Translation: “of Israel”; Notes: Hebrew indeclinable name.
  7. oculos — Lemma: oculus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: object of levantes; Translation: “eyes”; Notes: idiomatic “lifting the eyes.”
  8. viderunt — Lemma: video; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “they saw”; Notes: completed action.
  9. Ægyptios — Lemma: Ægyptius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “the Egyptians”; Notes: refers to pursuing army.
  10. post — Lemma: post; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: spatial relation; Translation: “behind”; Notes: expresses position.
  11. se — Lemma: se; Part of Speech: reflexive pronoun; Form: accusative singular/plural; Function: object of post; Translation: “them”; Notes: refers to Israelites.
  12. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links verbs; Translation: “and”; Notes: sequential action.
  13. timuerunt — Lemma: timeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “they feared”; Notes: denotes sudden fear.
  14. valde — Lemma: valde; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: intensifier; Translation: “greatly”; Notes: heightens emotion.
  15. clamaveruntque — Lemma: clamo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural + enclitic -que; Function: main verb; Translation: “and they cried out”; Notes: -que links to timuerunt as sequential act.
  16. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: indicates direction of plea; Translation: “to”; Notes: expresses prayer orientation.
  17. Dominum — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ad; Translation: “the LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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