Exodus 15:15

Posted on March 6, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 15:15 Tunc conturbati sunt principes Edom, robustos Moab obtinuit tremor: obriguerunt omnes habitatores Chanaan.

Then the chiefs of Edom were troubled; trembling seized the strong ones of Moab; all the inhabitants of Chanaan were stiffened.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Tunc then ADV
2 conturbati troubled PPP.NOM.PL.M
3 sunt were 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
4 principes chiefs NOUN.NOM.PL.M
5 Edom Edom NOUN.GEN.SG.M
6 robustos the strong ones ADJ.ACC.PL.M
7 Moab Moab NOUN.GEN.SG.M
8 obtinuit seized 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
9 tremor trembling NOUN.NOM.SG.M
10 obriguerunt were stiffened 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
11 omnes all ADJ.NOM.PL.M
12 habitatores inhabitants NOUN.NOM.PL.M
13 Chanaan Canaan NOUN.GEN.SG.F

Syntax

Clause 1: Tunc conturbati sunt principes Edom — adverb + periphrastic passive (PPP + sunt) + nominative subject + genitive modifier.
Clause 2: robustos Moab obtinuit tremor — accusative object + genitive modifier + perfect verb + nominative subject.
Clause 3: obriguerunt omnes habitatores Chanaan — perfect verb + nominative subject + genitive specifying region.

Morphology

  1. Tunc — Lemma: tunc; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: temporal marker; Translation: “then”; Notes: introduces consequences of divine acts.
  2. conturbati — Lemma: conturbo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: perfect passive participle nominative plural masculine; Function: predicate with sunt; Translation: “troubled”; Notes: describes emotional disarray.
  3. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative third plural; Function: auxiliary for passive; Translation: “were”; Notes: forms passive periphrasis.
  4. principes — Lemma: princeps; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “chiefs”; Notes: leaders of Edom.
  5. Edom — Lemma: Edom; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive of possession; Translation: “of Edom”; Notes: identifies the nation.
  6. robustos — Lemma: robustus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “the strong ones”; Notes: refers to elite warriors.
  7. Moab — Lemma: Moab; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive modifier; Translation: “of Moab”; Notes: identifies the nation.
  8. obtinuit — Lemma: obtineo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “seized”; Notes: conveys overpowering fear.
  9. tremor — Lemma: tremor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “trembling”; Notes: figurative for intense dread.
  10. obriguerunt — Lemma: obrigo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “were stiffened”; Notes: indicates paralysis from fear.
  11. omnes — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: modifies habitatores; Translation: “all”; Notes: denotes entire population.
  12. habitatores — Lemma: habitator; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “inhabitants”; Notes: refers to people of the land.
  13. Chanaan — Lemma: Chanaan; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular feminine; Function: genitive modifier; Translation: “of Canaan”; Notes: identifies region.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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