Exodus 15:14

Posted on March 6, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 15:14 Ascenderunt populi, et irati sunt: dolores obtinuerunt habitatores Philisthiim.

The peoples rose up, and they were enraged; pains seized the inhabitants of the Philistines.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Ascenderunt they rose up 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
2 populi peoples NOUN.NOM.PL.M
3 et and CONJ
4 irati angry PPP.NOM.PL.M
5 sunt they were 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
6 dolores pains NOUN.NOM.PL.M
7 obtinuerunt seized 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
8 habitatores inhabitants NOUN.ACC.PL.M
9 Philisthiim Philistines NOUN.GEN.PL.M

Syntax

Clause 1: Ascenderunt populi — perfect verb + nominative subject indicating a hostile rising.
Clause 2: et irati sunt — compound perfect/passive construction expressing emotional response.
Clause 3: dolores obtinuerunt — nominative subject + perfect verb indicating physical/mental anguish.
Object phrase: habitatores Philisthiim — accusative plural + genitive plural identifying those afflicted.

Morphology

  1. Ascenderunt — Lemma: ascendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “they rose up”; Notes: describes hostile stirring of surrounding nations.
  2. populi — Lemma: populus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “peoples”; Notes: refers to surrounding nations observing Israel’s deliverance.
  3. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: joins actions; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple connective.
  4. irati — Lemma: irascor; Part of Speech: participle (deponent); Form: perfect passive participle nominative plural masculine; Function: predicate adjective; Translation: “angry”; Notes: expresses emotional disturbance.
  5. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative third plural; Function: auxiliary verb; Translation: “they were”; Notes: forms periphrastic construction with irati.
  6. dolores — Lemma: dolor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject of obtinuerunt; Translation: “pains”; Notes: figurative for anguish or distress.
  7. obtinuerunt — Lemma: obtineo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “seized”; Notes: implies overpowering force.
  8. habitatores — Lemma: habitator; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “inhabitants”; Notes: those who experience the pains.
  9. Philisthiim — Lemma: Philisthiim; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive plural masculine; Function: possessive genitive modifying habitatores; Translation: “of the Philistines”; Notes: identifies specific nation affected.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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