Exodus 22:10

Posted on March 13, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 22:10 Si quis commendaverit proximo suo asinum, bovem, ovem, et omne iumentum ad custodiam, et mortuum fuerit, aut debilitatum, vel captum ab hostibus, nullusque hoc viderit:

If anyone entrusts to his neighbor a donkey, an ox, a sheep, and every animal for keeping, and it has died, or been weakened, or been taken by enemies, and no one has seen this,

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Si if CONJ
2 quis anyone PRON.NOM.SG.M/F.INDEF
3 commendaverit has entrusted 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND.1ST CONJ
4 proximo to his neighbor ADJ.DAT.SG.M.POS
5 suo his PRON.DAT.SG.M.REFL
6 asinum donkey NOUN.ACC.SG.M.2ND DECL
7 bovem ox NOUN.ACC.SG.M/F.3RD DECL
8 ovem sheep NOUN.ACC.SG.F.3RD DECL
9 et and CONJ
10 omne every ADJ.ACC.SG.N.POS
11 iumentum beast of burden NOUN.ACC.SG.N.2ND DECL
12 ad for PREP+ACC
13 custodiam keeping NOUN.ACC.SG.F.1ST DECL
14 et and CONJ
15 mortuum dead PTCP.PERF.PASS.ACC.SG.N
16 fuerit has been 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND
17 aut or CONJ
18 debilitatum weakened PTCP.PERF.PASS.ACC.SG.N
19 vel or CONJ
20 captum taken PTCP.PERF.PASS.ACC.SG.N
21 ab by PREP+ABL
22 hostibus enemies NOUN.ABL.PL.M.3RD DECL
23 nullusque and no one ADJ.NOM.SG.M.POS
24 hoc this PRON.ACC.SG.N.DEM
25 viderit has seen 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND.2ND CONJ

Syntax

Conditional Frame: Si quis commendaverit — sets the legal protasis (“if anyone entrusts”).
Indirect Object: proximo suo — “to his neighbor,” recipient of entrusted animals.
List of Entrusted Animals: asinum, bovem, ovem, et omne iumentum — all in the accusative as objects of commendaverit.
Purpose Phrase: ad custodiam — indicates the intention of safekeeping.
Result Circumstances: et mortuum fuerit, aut debilitatum, vel captum ab hostibus — three possible outcomes.
Negative Observation Clause: nullusque hoc viderit — nobody saw what happened; crucial for legal outcome.

Morphology

  1. Si — Lemma: si; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces a conditional clause; Translation: “if”; Notes: standard legal protasis marker.
  2. quis — Lemma: quis; Part of Speech: indefinite pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine/feminine; Function: subject; Translation: “anyone”; Notes: unspecified person in legal formulae.
  3. commendaverit — Lemma: commendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future perfect active indicative; Function: main verb of condition; Translation: “has entrusted / shall have entrusted”; Notes: future perfect fits legal protasis.
  4. proximo — Lemma: proximus; Part of Speech: adjective used substantively; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “to his neighbor”; Notes: identifies recipient of entrusted goods.
  5. suo — Lemma: suus; Part of Speech: reflexive possessive pronoun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: modifies proximo; Translation: “his”; Notes: refers back to the subject quis.
  6. asinum — Lemma: asinus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “donkey”; Notes: entrusted property.
  7. bovem — Lemma: bos; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular common gender; Function: direct object; Translation: “ox”; Notes: valuable livestock.
  8. ovem — Lemma: ovis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: direct object; Translation: “sheep”; Notes: another entrusted animal.
  9. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: joins objects; Translation: “and”; Notes: coordinates the list.
  10. omne — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: modifies iumentum; Translation: “every”; Notes: broadens scope.
  11. iumentum — Lemma: iumentum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: direct object; Translation: “beast of burden”; Notes: general livestock term.
  12. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses purpose; Translation: “for”; Notes: common prepositional marker of purpose.
  13. custodiam — Lemma: custodia; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of ad; Translation: “keeping”; Notes: here “safekeeping.”
  14. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: begins result clause; Translation: “and”; Notes: leads to possible outcomes.
  15. mortuum — Lemma: morior → mortuus (supine derivative); Part of Speech: participle; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: predicate of the entrusted animal; Translation: “dead”; Notes: one possible condition.
  16. fuerit — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future perfect active indicative; Function: verb of condition; Translation: “shall have been / has been”; Notes: standard legal form.
  17. aut — Lemma: aut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces alternative; Translation: “or”; Notes: exclusive disjunction.
  18. debilitatum — Lemma: debilitatus; Part of Speech: participle; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: another predicate option; Translation: “weakened”; Notes: injured or incapacitated.
  19. vel — Lemma: vel; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: introduces additional alternative; Translation: “or”; Notes: softer alternative than aut.
  20. captum — Lemma: capio → captus; Part of Speech: participle; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: another predicate; Translation: “taken”; Notes: seized as spoil.
  21. ab — Lemma: ab; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: agent; Translation: “by”; Notes: classical form before vowels.
  22. hostibus — Lemma: hostis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural masculine; Function: object of ab; Translation: “enemies”; Notes: raiders or invaders.
  23. nullusque — Lemma: nullus + -que; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “and no one”; Notes: enclitic -que attached.
  24. hoc — Lemma: hic; Part of Speech: demonstrative pronoun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of viderit; Translation: “this”; Notes: refers to the event.
  25. viderit — Lemma: video; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd singular future perfect active indicative; Function: main verb of negative observation; Translation: “has seen / shall have seen”; Notes: legal emphasis on the absence of witnesses.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
This entry was posted in Exodus. Bookmark the permalink.

Comments are closed.