Exodus 8:32

Posted on February 27, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 8:32 Et ingravatum est cor Pharaonis, ita ut nec hac quidem vice dimitteret populum.

And the heart of Pharao was hardened, so that not even this time would he let the people go.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Et and CONJ
2 ingravatum was hardened NOM.SG.N.PERF.PASS.PPL
3 est was 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND (AUX)
4 cor heart NOM.SG.N
5 Pharaonis of Pharaoh GEN.SG.M
6 ita so that ADV
7 ut that CONJ
8 nec not even NEG.CONJ
9 hac this ABL.SG.F
10 quidem indeed PART
11 vice time ABL.SG.F
12 dimitteret would let go 3SG.IMPFT.ACT.SUBJ
13 populum people ACC.SG.M

Syntax

Main Clause:
Et ingravatum est cor Pharaonis — Passive periphrastic sense: “the heart of Pharao was hardened.”
• ingravatum est — perfect passive
• cor — grammatical subject
• Pharaonis — possessive genitive

Result Clause:
ita ut nec hac quidem vice dimitteret populum — “so that not even this time he would let the people go.”
• ita … ut — formula introducing a clause of result
• nec … quidem — emphatic “not even”
• dimitteret — imperfect subjunctive, required in ut-result constructions
• populum — direct object

Morphology

  1. Et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links narrative sequence; Translation: “and”; Notes: Standard connective.
  2. ingravatum — Lemma: ingravo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative singular neuter perfect passive participle; Function: predicate with est; Translation: “hardened”; Notes: Agrees with cor.
  3. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative 3rd singular; Function: auxiliary forming passive; Translation: “was”; Notes: Forms perfect passive.
  4. cor — Lemma: cor; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular neuter; Function: subject; Translation: “heart”; Notes: Center of will in Biblical idiom.
  5. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: possessive; Translation: “of Pharao”; Notes: Genitive of possession.
  6. ita — Lemma: ita; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: simple adverb; Function: signals result; Translation: “so”; Notes: Paired with ut.
  7. ut — Lemma: ut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: subordinating; Function: introduces result clause; Translation: “that”; Notes: Requires subjunctive.
  8. nec — Lemma: nec; Part of Speech: negative conjunction; Form: emphatic negator; Function: links with quidem for “not even”; Translation: “not even”; Notes: Strengthens denial.
  9. hac — Lemma: hic; Part of Speech: demonstrative; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: modifies vice; Translation: “this”; Notes: Ablative in idiom.
  10. quidem — Lemma: quidem; Part of Speech: particle; Form: emphatic; Function: strengthens negative clause; Translation: “indeed / even”; Notes: Works with nec.
  11. vice — Lemma: vicis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular feminine; Function: ablative of occasion; Translation: “time”; Notes: Meaning “turn, occasion.”
  12. dimitteret — Lemma: dimitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: imperfect active subjunctive 3rd singular; Function: verb of result clause; Translation: “he would let go”; Notes: Required by ita … ut.
  13. populum — Lemma: populus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “people”; Notes: Refers to Israel.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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