Genesis 10:3

Posted on January 10, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Gn 10:3 Porro filii Gomer: Ascenez et Riphath et Thogorma.

And the sons of Gomer: Ascenez, and Riphath, and Thogorma.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Porro and moreover ADV
2 filii sons N.NOM.PL.M
3 Gomer of Gomer N.GEN.SG.M
4 Ascenez Ashkenaz N.NOM.SG.M
5 et and CONJ
6 Riphath Riphath N.NOM.SG.M
7 et and CONJ
8 Thogorma Togarmah N.NOM.SG.M

Syntax

Main Phrase: Porro filii Gomer — nominative subject phrase introducing the genealogical subsection: “And the sons of Gomer.”
Appositive List: Ascenez et Riphath et Thogorma — nominative series identifying the individual descendants. The repetition of et provides a rhythmic, enumerative style characteristic of biblical genealogies.
Word Order: The adverb Porro transitions to a new genealogy; names follow in apposition to filii.

Morphology

  1. Porro — Lemma: porro; Part of Speech: Adverb; Form: Invariable; Function: Discourse connector; Translation: “and moreover”; Notes: Introduces a continuation or new segment in narrative lists.
  2. filii — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: Noun; Form: Nominative plural masculine; Function: Subject; Translation: “sons”; Notes: Heads the genealogical unit referring to Gomer’s offspring.
  3. Gomer — Lemma: Gomer; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: Genitive singular masculine; Function: Possessive genitive modifying filii; Translation: “of Gomer”; Notes: Denotes patriarchal lineage.
  4. Ascenez — Lemma: Ascenez; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: Nominative singular masculine; Function: Apposition to filii; Translation: “Ashkenaz”; Notes: Eldest son listed, later associated with peoples north of Mesopotamia.
  5. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: Conjunction; Form: Invariable; Function: Coordinates following noun; Translation: “and”; Notes: Standard connective in enumerations.
  6. Riphath — Lemma: Riphath; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: Nominative singular masculine; Function: Apposition to filii; Translation: “Riphath”; Notes: Second son of Gomer; corresponds to ancient northern tribes.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: Conjunction; Form: Invariable; Function: Connects final item; Translation: “and”; Notes: Maintains list uniformity.
  8. Thogorma — Lemma: Thogorma; Part of Speech: Proper noun; Form: Nominative singular masculine; Function: Final appositive in the series; Translation: “Togarmah”; Notes: Third son; linked historically with Anatolian or Armenian regions.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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