Exodus 10:12

Posted on March 1, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 10:12 Dixit autem Dominus ad Moysen: Extende manum tuam super Terram Ægypti ad locustam, ut ascendat super eam, et devoret omnem herbam quæ residua fuerit grandini.

And the LORD said to Moyses: “Stretch out your hand over the Land of Egypt toward the locust, that it may go up over it and consume every herb which shall have remained from the hail.”

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Dixit said 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
2 autem however CONJ
3 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
4 ad to PREP+ACC
5 Moysen Moses ACC.SG.M
6 Extende stretch out 2SG.PRES.ACT.IMP
7 manum hand ACC.SG.F
8 tuam your ACC.SG.F
9 super over PREP+ACC
10 Terram Land ACC.SG.F
11 Ægypti of Egypt GEN.SG.F
12 ad toward PREP+ACC
13 locustam locust ACC.SG.F
14 ut that CONJ
15 ascendat may go up 3SG.PRES.ACT.SUBJ
16 super over PREP+ACC
17 eam it ACC.SG.F
18 et and CONJ
19 devoret may devour 3SG.PRES.ACT.SUBJ
20 omnem all ACC.SG.F
21 herbam herb ACC.SG.F
22 quæ which NOM.SG.F
23 residua remaining NOM.SG.F.PERF.PASS.PTCP
24 fuerit shall have been 3SG.FUT.PERF.ACT.IND
25 grandini from the hail DAT.SG.F

Syntax

Main Clause:
Subject: Dominus — performs speech
Verb: Dixit — main finite verb
Indirect Object: Moysen — recipient of speech

Imperative Clause:
Extende manum tuam super Terram Ægypti — Extende imperative; manum tuam direct object; super Terram Ægypti prepositional phrase indicating direction.

Purpose Clause:
ad locustam, ut ascendat super eam — ad locustam goal; ut ascendat subjunctive of purpose; super eam location of action.

Second Purpose Clause:
et devoret omnem herbam — devoret subjunctive; omnem herbam direct object.

Relative Clause:
quæ residua fuerit grandini — quæ subject; residua fuerit verb phrase; grandini dative of reference (“for the hail”).

Morphology

  1. Dixit — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “said”; Notes: introduces divine command.
  2. autem — Lemma: autem; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: postpositive; Function: adds contrastive nuance; Translation: “however”; Notes: does not occupy initial position.
  3. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  4. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: marks indirect object; Translation: “to”; Notes: links to Moysen.
  5. Moysen — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “Moses”; Notes: Greek declension pattern.
  6. Extende — Lemma: extendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active imperative second singular; Function: command; Translation: “stretch out”; Notes: divine instruction.
  7. manum — Lemma: manus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: direct object; Translation: “hand”; Notes: fourth declension.
  8. tuam — Lemma: tuus; Part of Speech: adjective/pronoun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: modifies manum; Translation: “your”; Notes: possessive agreement.
  9. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: spatial relation; Translation: “over”; Notes: indicates direction.
  10. Terram — Lemma: terra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of preposition; Translation: “Land”; Notes: refers to Egypt.
  11. Ægypti — Lemma: Ægyptus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular feminine; Function: possessive/genitive of place; Translation: “of Egypt”; Notes: geographical name.
  12. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses purpose direction; Translation: “toward”; Notes: points toward locust action.
  13. locustam — Lemma: locusta; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of preposition; Translation: “locust”; Notes: collective sense implied.
  14. ut — Lemma: ut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: introduces subjunctive clause; Function: expresses purpose; Translation: “that”; Notes: standard purpose usage.
  15. ascendat — Lemma: ascendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active subjunctive third singular; Function: verb of purpose clause; Translation: “may go up”; Notes: subjunctive expresses intended result.
  16. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: spatial relation; Translation: “over”; Notes: repeats earlier preposition.
  17. eam — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of super; Translation: “it”; Notes: refers to the land.
  18. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links clauses; Translation: “and”; Notes: standard connector.
  19. devoret — Lemma: devoro; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active subjunctive third singular; Function: second purpose verb; Translation: “may devour”; Notes: dependent on ut.
  20. omnem — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: modifies herbam; Translation: “every”; Notes: totalizing force.
  21. herbam — Lemma: herba; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of devoret; Translation: “herb”; Notes: vegetation remaining.
  22. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative singular feminine; Function: subject of relative clause; Translation: “which”; Notes: refers to herbam.
  23. residua — Lemma: residuus; Part of Speech: participle; Form: nominative singular feminine perfect passive participle; Function: predicate adjective; Translation: “remaining”; Notes: describes herbam.
  24. fuerit — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: future perfect active indicative third singular; Function: verb of clause; Translation: “shall have been”; Notes: future reference tied to hail event.
  25. grandini — Lemma: grando; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular feminine; Function: dative of reference; Translation: “for the hail”; Notes: indicates what left the residue.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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