Exodus 10:3

Posted on March 1, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 10:3 Introierunt ergo Moyses et Aaron ad Pharaonem, et dixerunt ei: Hæc dicit Dominus Deus Hebræorum: Usquequo non vis subiici mihi? dimitte populum meum, ut sacrificet mihi.

Then Moyses and Aaron went in to Pharao, and they said to him: “Thus says the LORD, the God of the Hebrews: ‘How long do you refuse to submit yourself to Me? send forth My people, that it may sacrifice to Me.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Introierunt they entered 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
2 ergo therefore ADV
3 Moyses Moses NOM.SG.M
4 et and CONJ
5 Aaron Aaron NOM.SG.M
6 ad to PREP+ACC
7 Pharaonem Pharaoh ACC.SG.M
8 et and CONJ
9 dixerunt they said 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
10 ei to him DAT.SG.M
11 Hæc these things NOM.PL.N.DEM
12 dicit says 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
13 Dominus LORD NOM.SG.M
14 Deus God NOM.SG.M
15 Hebræorum of the Hebrews GEN.PL.M
16 Usquequo how long ADV.INT
17 non not ADV
18 vis you wish 2SG.PRES.ACT.IND
19 subiici to submit PRES.PASS.INF
20 mihi to me DAT.SG.1P
21 dimitte send forth 2SG.PRES.ACT.IMP
22 populum people ACC.SG.M
23 meum my ACC.SG.M
24 ut that SUBORD.CONJ
25 sacrificet may sacrifice 3SG.PRES.ACT.SUBJ
26 mihi to me DAT.SG.1P

Syntax

Narrative Clause:
Introierunt ergo Moyses et Aaron ad Pharaonem — joint subject (Moyses et Aaron) with motion verb introierunt; ad Pharaonem marks destination.

Speech Introduction:
et dixerunt ei — “and they said to him,” with ei as indirect object.

Prophetic Formula:
Hæc dicit Dominus Deus Hebræorum — “Thus says the LORD, the God of the Hebrews.”
Apposition: Dominus = Deus Hebræorum.

Rhetorical Question:
Usquequo non vis subiici mihi? — “How long do you refuse to submit yourself to me?”
subiici is passive infinitive; mihi = dative of reference.

Imperative Command:
dimitte populum meum — “send forth my people.”
Direct object: populum meum.

Final Clause:
ut sacrificet mihi — “that it may sacrifice to me.”
Subjunctive expresses purpose.

Morphology

  1. Introierunt — Lemma: introeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person plural perfect active indicative; Function: main narrative verb; Translation: “they entered”; Notes: compound of intro + eo.
  2. ergo — Lemma: ergo; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: inferential; Function: draws narrative conclusion; Translation: “therefore”; Notes: links from prior command.
  3. Moyses — Lemma: Moyses; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: compound subject; Translation: “Moses”; Notes: Hebrew proper name.
  4. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: joins subjects; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple coordination.
  5. Aaron — Lemma: Aaron; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: compound subject; Translation: “Aaron”; Notes: Hebrew priestly name.
  6. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses motion toward; Translation: “to”; Notes: common with verbs of movement.
  7. Pharaonem — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of ad; Translation: “Pharaoh”; Notes: Egyptian ruler.
  8. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: coordinating; Function: links narrative actions; Translation: “and”; Notes: common connective.
  9. dixerunt — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person plural perfect active indicative; Function: introduces speech; Translation: “they said”; Notes: standard speech verb.
  10. ei — Lemma: is (id); Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: “to him”; Notes: refers to Pharaoh.
  11. Hæc — Lemma: hic; Part of Speech: pronoun/demonstrative; Form: nominative plural neuter; Function: subject of dicit; Translation: “these things”; Notes: formulaic prophetic expression.
  12. dicit — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular present active indicative; Function: present-tense formula of divine utterance; Translation: “says”; Notes: vivid present.
  13. Dominus — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject complement; Translation: “LORD”; Notes: refers to YHWH.
  14. Deus — Lemma: Deus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: apposition to Dominus; Translation: “God”; Notes: identifies divine authority.
  15. Hebræorum — Lemma: Hebræus; Part of Speech: adjective/noun; Form: genitive plural masculine; Function: possessive; Translation: “of the Hebrews”; Notes: ethnic designation.
  16. Usquequo — Lemma: usquequo; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: interrogative; Function: expresses duration question; Translation: “how long”; Notes: introduces rebuke.
  17. non — Lemma: non; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: negative; Function: negates vis; Translation: “not”; Notes: straightforward negation.
  18. vis — Lemma: volo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 2nd person singular present active indicative; Function: verb of refusal; Translation: “you wish”; Notes: often implies stubbornness.
  19. subiici — Lemma: subicio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present passive infinitive; Function: complementary infinitive; Translation: “to submit”; Notes: passive in form, reflexive in meaning.
  20. mihi — Lemma: ego; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: dative singular; Function: dative of reference; Translation: “to me”; Notes: refers to the LORD.
  21. dimitte — Lemma: dimitto; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 2nd person singular present active imperative; Function: command; Translation: “send forth”; Notes: recurring demand.
  22. populum — Lemma: populus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “people”; Notes: collective singular.
  23. meum — Lemma: meus; Part of Speech: adjective/pronoun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: modifies populum; Translation: “my”; Notes: divine ownership.
  24. ut — Lemma: ut; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: final; Function: introduces purpose clause; Translation: “that”; Notes: governs subjunctive.
  25. sacrificet — Lemma: sacrifico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: 3rd person singular present active subjunctive; Function: verb of purpose clause; Translation: “may sacrifice”; Notes: refers to cultic worship.
  26. mihi — Lemma: ego; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: dative singular; Function: indirect object of sacrificet; Translation: “to me”; Notes: refers to the LORD.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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