Exodus 14:23

Posted on March 5, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 14:23 Persequentesque Ægyptii ingressi sunt post eos, et omnis equitatus Pharaonis, currus eius et equites per medium maris.

And the Egyptians in pursuit entered after them, and all the cavalry of Pharao, his chariots and his horsemen, through the midst of the sea.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Persequentesque and pursuing PTCP.PRES.DEP.NOM.PL.M + CONJ
2 Ægyptii the Egyptians NOUN.NOM.PL.M
3 ingressi having entered PTCP.PERF.ACT.NOM.PL.M
4 sunt they 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
5 post after PREP+ACC
6 eos them PRON.ACC.PL
7 et and CONJ
8 omnis all ADJ.NOM.SG.M
9 equitatus cavalry NOUN.NOM.SG.M
10 Pharaonis of Pharaoh NOUN.GEN.SG.M
11 currus chariots NOUN.NOM.PL.M
12 eius his PRON.GEN.SG
13 et and CONJ
14 equites horsemen NOUN.NOM.PL.M
15 per through PREP+ACC
16 medium midst ADJ.ACC.SG.N
17 maris of the sea NOUN.GEN.SG.N

Syntax

Participial frame: Persequentesque Ægyptii — nominative participle with subject expressing concurrent action.
Main clause: ingressi sunt post eos — deponent perfect periphrastic indicating completed entry.
Coordinated additions: et omnis equitatus Pharaonis, currus eius et equites — coordinated nominatives functioning as compound subject.
Final prepositional phrase: per medium maris — accusative of motion through the parted sea.

Morphology

  1. Persequentesque — Lemma: persequor + que; Part of Speech: participle (deponent) with enclitic; Form: present participle nominative plural masculine; Function: circumstantial participle; Translation: “and pursuing”; Notes: deponent with active sense.
  2. Ægyptii — Lemma: Ægyptius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “the Egyptians”; Notes: national identity.
  3. ingressi — Lemma: ingredior; Part of Speech: participle (deponent); Form: perfect active participle nominative plural masculine; Function: part of periphrastic verb; Translation: “having entered”; Notes: deponent. In this context, it means “went into / advanced into” the parted sea, following the Israelites.
  4. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present active indicative third plural; Function: auxiliary; Translation: “they”; Notes: completes periphrastic perfect.
  5. post — Lemma: post; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses direction “after”; Translation: “after”; Notes: spatial sequence.
  6. eos — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural; Function: object of post; Translation: “them”; Notes: refers to Israel.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: adds coordinated subjects; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple connector.
  8. omnis — Lemma: omnis; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: modifies equitatus; Translation: “all”; Notes: totality marker.
  9. equitatus — Lemma: equitatus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “cavalry”; Notes: collective noun.
  10. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: possessive; Translation: “of Pharaoh”; Notes: attribution.
  11. currus — Lemma: currus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: coordinated subject element; Translation: “chariots”; Notes: elite military units.
  12. eius — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: genitive singular; Function: possessive; Translation: “his”; Notes: refers to Pharaoh.
  13. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: connects final subject; Translation: “and”; Notes: coordination.
  14. equites — Lemma: eques; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: coordinated subject; Translation: “horsemen”; Notes: cavalrymen.
  15. per — Lemma: per; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses movement through; Translation: “through”; Notes: direction.
  16. medium — Lemma: medius; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of per; Translation: “midst”; Notes: spatial center.
  17. maris — Lemma: mare; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular neuter; Function: dependent genitive; Translation: “of the sea”; Notes: parted Red Sea.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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