Leviticus 3:15

Posted on April 3, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 3:15 duos renunculos cum reticulo, quod est super eos iuxta ilia, et arvinam iecoris cum renunculis:

the two small kidneys with the membrane which is over them beside the loins, and the fatty lobe of the liver with the small kidneys;

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 duos two ADJ, ACC.PL.M
2 renunculos small kidneys NOUN, ACC.PL.M, 2ND DECL
3 cum with PREP+ABL
4 reticulo membrane NOUN, ABL.SG.N, 2ND DECL
5 quod which PRON, NOM.SG.N, REL
6 est is VERB, 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
7 super over PREP+ACC
8 eos them PRON, ACC.PL.M, DEM
9 iuxta beside PREP+ACC
10 ilia loins NOUN, ACC.PL.N, 3RD DECL
11 et and CONJ
12 arvinam fatty lobe NOUN, ACC.SG.F, 1ST DECL
13 iecoris of the liver NOUN, GEN.SG.N, 3RD DECL
14 cum with PREP+ABL
15 renunculis small kidneys NOUN, ABL.PL.M, 2ND DECL

Syntax

Direct Object Phrase: duos renunculos — specifies the parts of the animal taken for offering.
Prepositional Phrase: cum reticulo — indicates accompaniment with the membrane.
Relative Clause: quod est super eos iuxta ilia — precisely identifies the membrane’s anatomical location.
Coordinated Object: et arvinam iecoris — adds the fatty lobe of the liver.
Additional Phrase: cum renunculis — again stresses ritual pairing of organs.

Morphology

  1. duos — Lemma: duo; Part of Speech: adjective/numeral; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: numeral modifying renunculos; Translation: two; Notes: specifies the number of kidneys.
  2. renunculos — Lemma: renunculus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine, 2nd declension; Function: direct object; Translation: small kidneys; Notes: diminutive emphasizing size.
  3. cum — Lemma: cum; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: expresses accompaniment; Translation: with; Notes: standard additive preposition.
  4. reticulo — Lemma: reticulum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular neuter, 2nd declension; Function: object of cum; Translation: membrane; Notes: refers to the thin covering over the kidneys.
  5. quod — Lemma: qui, quae, quod; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative singular neuter; Function: subject of est; Translation: which; Notes: neuter agrees with reticulum.
  6. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present active indicative; Function: linking verb; Translation: is; Notes: states anatomical position.
  7. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses location above; Translation: over; Notes: marks spatial relationship.
  8. eos — Lemma: is (ea, id); Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: object of super; Translation: them; Notes: refers to the kidneys.
  9. iuxta — Lemma: iuxta; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses adjacency; Translation: beside; Notes: introduces anatomical description.
  10. ilia — Lemma: ile; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural neuter, 3rd declension; Function: object of iuxta; Translation: loins; Notes: technical anatomical term.
  11. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: joins parallel sacrificial items; Translation: and; Notes: coordinates listed organs.
  12. arvinam — Lemma: arvina; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine, 1st declension; Function: coordinated direct object; Translation: fatty lobe; Notes: refers to fatty appendage of the liver.
  13. iecoris — Lemma: iecur; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular neuter; Function: genitive modifier; Translation: of the liver; Notes: genitive of possession.
  14. cum — Lemma: cum; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: expresses accompaniment; Translation: with; Notes: repeats structure for emphasis.
  15. renunculis — Lemma: renunculus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural masculine, 2nd declension; Function: object of cum; Translation: small kidneys; Notes: indicates joint offering of organs.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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