Exodus 14:28

Posted on March 5, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Ex 14:28 Reversæque sunt aquæ, et operuerunt currus et equites cuncti exercitus Pharaonis, qui sequentes ingressi fuerant mare: nec unus quidem superfuit ex eis.

And the waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen all the army of Pharao who following had entered the sea and not even one remained of them.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Reversæque and they returned PTCP.PERF.PASS.NOM.PL.F + ENCLITIC
2 sunt were 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
3 aquæ waters NOUN.NOM.PL.F
4 et and CONJ
5 operuerunt covered 3PL.PERF.ACT.IND
6 currus chariots NOUN.ACC.PL.M
7 et and CONJ
8 equites horsemen NOUN.ACC.PL.M
9 cuncti all ADJ.NOM.SG.M
10 exercitus army NOUN.NOM.SG.M
11 Pharaonis of Pharaoh NOUN.GEN.SG.M
12 qui who PRON.NOM.PL.M
13 sequentes following PTCP.PRES.ACT.NOM.PL.M
14 ingressi having entered PTCP.PERF.ACT.NOM.PL.M
15 fuerant had been 3PL.PLUP.ACT.IND
16 mare sea NOUN.ACC.SG.N
17 nec nor ADV/CONJ
18 unus one ADJ.NOM.SG.M
19 quidem even ADV
20 superfuit remained 3SG.PERF.ACT.IND
21 ex from PREP+ABL
22 eis them PRON.ABL.PL

Syntax

Primary action: Reversæque sunt aquæ — perfect passive periphrastic with nominative subject.
Secondary action: et operuerunt currus et equites — perfect verb with double direct object.
Expanded subject phrase: cuncti exercitus Pharaonis — collective singular with possessive genitive.
Relative clause: qui sequentes ingressi fuerant mare — pluperfect construction describing those who entered the sea.
Negative result: nec unus quidem superfuit ex eis — strong negation with partitive ablative.

Morphology

  1. Reversæque — Lemma: revertor + -que; Part of Speech: participle with enclitic; Form: perfect passive participle nominative plural feminine; Function: predicate with sunt; Translation: “and they returned”; Notes: agrees with aquæ; enclitic links clauses.
  2. sunt — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: auxiliary; Translation: “were”; Notes: completes periphrastic form.
  3. aquæ — Lemma: aqua; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural feminine; Function: subject; Translation: “waters”; Notes: the returning sea.
  4. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: links verbs; Translation: “and”; Notes: coordination.
  5. operuerunt — Lemma: operio; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third plural; Function: main verb; Translation: “covered”; Notes: sweeping action of waters.
  6. currus — Lemma: currus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: direct object; Translation: “chariots”; Notes: Egyptian war vehicles.
  7. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: indeclinable; Function: connects currus and equites; Translation: “and”; Notes: simple conjunction.
  8. equites — Lemma: eques; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: coordinated object; Translation: “horsemen”; Notes: cavalry force.
  9. cuncti — Lemma: cunctus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: modifies exercitus; Translation: “all”; Notes: totality marker.
  10. exercitus — Lemma: exercitus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject within its phrase; Translation: “army”; Notes: collective term.
  11. Pharaonis — Lemma: Pharao; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: possesses exercitus; Translation: “of Pharaoh”; Notes: identifies ownership.
  12. qui — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject of relative clause; Translation: “who”; Notes: refers to Egyptians.
  13. sequentes — Lemma: sequor; Part of Speech: participle (deponent); Form: present active participle nominative plural masculine; Function: describes action of the subjects; Translation: “following”; Notes: deponent with active sense.
  14. ingressi — Lemma: ingredior; Part of Speech: participle (deponent); Form: perfect active participle nominative plural masculine; Function: second participial modifier; Translation: “having entered”; Notes: expresses completed action.
  15. fuerant — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: pluperfect active indicative third plural; Function: auxiliary; Translation: “had been”; Notes: completes periphrastic.
  16. mare — Lemma: mare; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular neuter; Function: object of ingressi fuerant; Translation: “sea”; Notes: the Red Sea.
  17. nec — Lemma: nec; Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: negation; Translation: “nor”; Notes: strong negative.
  18. unus — Lemma: unus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject; Translation: “one”; Notes: contrastive.
  19. quidem — Lemma: quidem; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: indeclinable; Function: adds emphasis; Translation: “even”; Notes: intensifier.
  20. superfuit — Lemma: super-sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: perfect active indicative third singular; Function: main verb; Translation: “remained”; Notes: expresses survival.
  21. ex — Lemma: ex; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: partitive; Translation: “from”; Notes: partitive phrase.
  22. eis — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: ablative plural; Function: object of ex; Translation: “them”; Notes: refers to the Egyptians.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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